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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Key characteristics of fungi 3

A

Heterotrophic & feed by absorption, are more closely related to animals than plants

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2
Q

What is the ancestor of fungi and what evidence supports that?

A

An aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist. DNA sequencing, molecular clock analyses, and the earliest diverging lineages of fungi also have flagella. This would’ve also been a common ancestor of animals.

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3
Q

What are some adaptations that fungi have for feeding and growth?

A

Mycelium is an interwoven mass of hyphae that increase surface area for absorbing food.

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4
Q

Structure of fungi 3

A

Cells walls are made of chitin, hyphae are tiny filaments that make up the body, mycelium is the long thin interwoven mass of hyphae

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5
Q

Mycorrihaza

A

A mutualistic association of fungi and plant roots where the fungus gets nutrients and the plant benefits from more surface area for absorbing water

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6
Q

2 Main types of mycorrhizal fungi

A

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths over the surface of a root. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend arbuscules into the root cell’s plasma membrance

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7
Q

Two types of hyphae structures

A

Septate hypha are divided into cells by cross-walls. Coenocytic fungi have hyphae that are a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

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8
Q

Fungi asexual lifecycle 2

A

Mycelium creates haploid spores that are formed through meiosis. Yeasts reproduce by budding off (mitosis).

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9
Q

Deutermycetes

A

Outdated term used to classify all fungi with unknown reproduction

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10
Q

Fungi sexual lifecycle 4

A

Pheromones are used to attract different mating types that will grow toward each other. Two hyphae will fuse together and their cytoplasm will fuse together in Plasmogamy. The nuclei do not fuse right away and the organism becomes a Heterokaryon. Finally, the nuclei fuse in Karyogamy to form the diploid zygote that undergoes meiosis to form spores.

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11
Q

Chytrids

A

BD is causing a decline in amphibians. Chytrids are some of the earliest diverging fungi and have a lot of ancestral traits. They have spores with flagella on their zoospores

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12
Q

Zygomycetes 7

A

Many common molds. Can be parasitic or commensalistic. Very rapid growth. Are coenocytic (no cell walls). Often reproduce asexually. Will form zygosporangium where karyogamy occurs.

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13
Q

Glomoeromycetes 3

A

Recently separated from zygomycetes. Only 200 species. Most form arbuscular mycorrhizae

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14
Q

Ascomycetes 6

A

Form saclike asci where spores form. Asci are produced on ascocarps (mushroom heads). Common mushrooms or yeasts. Can be decomposers, pathogens, form symbioses. 25% of ascomycetes form symbioses to make lichens. Can also be endophytes.

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15
Q

Basidiomycetes 6

A

Includes mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi. Includes parasites like rusts and smuts. Forms a basidium with a club-shaped “top.” Important wood decomposers because they’re good at breaking down lignin. Basidia are found underneath on the gills of the mushroom and are key reproductive structures. Can form fairy rings.

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16
Q

Types of mutualist fungi 3

A

Leaf-cutter ants “farm” fungi to digest their food for them, endophytes are fungi that live within leaves or other plants parts (not roots) and can produce compounds that help the plant, lichens are a symbiosis between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria

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17
Q

Parasitic fungi # of species/ 5

A

About 30k species are parasitic. This includes chestnut blight, white pine blister rust, corn smut, Candida, and ergot (LSD).

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18
Q

Important varieties of fungi 2

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer’s yeast) and Penicillium. Penicillin was discovered by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, he noticed that a culture of bacteria he was growing had been killed by a fungus and said “That’s funny”.

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19
Q

Common ancestor of animals/evidence

A

Choanoflagellates were morphologically similar to sponges and both have similar collar cells, DNA sequencing also shows them to be similar.

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20
Q

Common characteristics of animals 4

A

Multicellular and heterotrophic eukaryotes. Lack cell walls and cells are connected by external proteins like collagen. Cells are organized into tissues. Usually reproduce sexually and have a dominant diploid stage.

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21
Q

Animal embryonic development

A

Embryos develop by sexual fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage which is a lot of mitotic divisions without cell growth. Cleavage forms a hollow multicellular blastula. Blastula folds inward to form cell layers that will make tissues.

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22
Q

Animal embryo tissue formation

A

The endoderm makes the inner tissues, ectoderm outer/sometimes central nervous system. Mesoderm makes muscles and organs.

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23
Q

Dipblo vs triploblastic

A

Endo/ectoderm only vs Endo/ecto AND mesoderms

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24
Q

Hox genes

A

Play an important role in the development of animal embryos, controlling the expression of genes that influence morphology

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25
Animal evolution 3
710 MYA show steroids from sponges, molecular clocks show that sponges originated about 700 MYA and animals 770 MYA. The first multicellular fossils are from 560 MYA. These fossils were soft-bodied and called the Ediacaran biota.
26
The Cambrian Explosion 3
Occurred during the Paleozoic Era (541-252 MYA). Fossils from this period contain the fossils of about 1/2 of all extant animal phyla. Many of these animals had hard, mineralized skeletons.
27
Colonization of Land
Arthropods and plants about 450 MYA. Vertebrates about 365 MYA including the amphibian and amniote lineages.
28
The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras 2
The Mesozoic Era (252-66 MYA) saw the spread of life on land, flight developed, and dinosaurs, mammals, insects, and angiosperms greatly diversified. The Cenozoic Era (66 MYA-present) began with the mass extinction that whacked the dinosaurs and allowed mammals to thrive.
29
Correct order of evolutionary eras (oldest to youngest)
Cambrian Explosion, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
30
Coeloms
Air or fluid-filled spaces between the digestive tract and endoderm. Allow for movement and skeletal stability.
31
Coelomates vs pseudocoelomates
C have coelom formed from the endoderm while P have coelom formed from the mesoderm and ectoderm.
32
Acoelomates
Have no body cavity (coelom)
33
Protostome vs deuterostome
Basically whether the blastopore becomes a mouth (protostome) or anus (deuterostome)
34
Eumetazoans
Are animals with tissues (everything except sponges)
35
Phylum Porifera (sponges) 3
Sedentary, marine, filter feeders. Choanocyte cells absorb food, amoebocyte cells transport nutrients and create the skeleton. Sequential hermaphrodites. NO COELOM
36
Phyla Cnidaria
(Jellyfish) Cnidarians are only a single cell deep. Water flows through the body cavity for digestion and respiration. Decentralized nerve net (no brain). No coelom
37
Cnidocyte cells
Are how cnidarians feed. Cynidocyte cells line the tentacles and contain a nematocyst under osmotic pressure that will explode outward to hook or sting prey.
38
Cnidarian body plans 2
Either medusae (free-floating) or polyps (anchored to substrate like coral)
39
Cnidarian life cycles
Diploid dominant, polyps can reproduce asexually to form a medusa, medusae can reproduce sexually, and/or a combo of both or neither
40
First multicellular organism that lacks a mitochondrial genome
Nenneguya salminicola is a parasite that is also the only known anaerobic multicellular organism
41
Key features of Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 3
Parasitic species like flukes&tapeworms, can be microscopic or up to 20m long, triploblastic acoelomates
42
Planarian physical characteristics
Simple nervous system with nerve cord running the length of the body, ganglia (cluster of nerve cells) found at the anterior end, eye spots, pharynx that sticks out and sucks up food from the bottom of the body, hermaphroditic
43
Trematodes (parasitic flatworms, Platyhelminthes) 3
Trematodes like Schistosoma have complex lifecycles. Infects people and snails. Can live in a human for 40 years
44
Tapeworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes ie Planarians) 3
The scolex (anterior end) has hooks and suckers instead of a head, don't have mouth/gut and absorb nutrients directly, produce a shit ton of eggs that exit through the host's shit
45
Rotifera (Phylum Rotifera) 4
Extremely small but are multicellular with specialized organ systems. Pseudocoelom. Eats with a CORONA that rotates with cilia. Alimentary canal (digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus).
46
Rotifer reproduction 3
Parthenogenesis reproduction: asexual reproduction where females lay unfertilized eggs that turn into clones of the mother. Some species can also switch to sexual reproduction. May also get genetic diversity from incorporating outside DNA when ingesting water.
47
Acanthocephalans (spiny-headed worms, Phylum Rotifera) 2
Parasites with a complex life cycle and numerous hosts. Can manipulate their host's behavior.
48
Lophophorazoa groups and characteristics 3
Ectoprocts and Brachiopods. Have a lophophore: a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth. Sessile coelomates.
49
Mollusc groups 5
Oysters, clams, snails, octopuses, and squids.
50
Mollusc physical characteristics 6
All are hard-bodied but most secrete a calcium carbonate shell. Coelomates. Muscular foot. Visceral mass contains the organs. Water filled chamber between the mantle and visceral mass is called the mantle cavity and houses organs. Radula (spiky thing) is used for scraping up food.
51
Mollusc reproduction 2
Unisexual or bisexual. Mobile ciliated larval stage called the trochophore.
52
Mollusc clades 4
Chitons, snails, bivalves, and cephalopods
53
Chitons (Molluscs)
Oval body with 8 overlapping calcium carbonate plates.
54
Gastropods (most Mollusc diversity) 5
Snails and slugs. Moves using foot or cilia. Most have a single spiral shell. Some have a specialized radula for boring into preys' shells. Marine have gills, terrestrial use the mantle cavity for gas exchange.
55
Nudibranchs (sea slugs, Molluscs) 2
Aposematic coloration (coloration to deter predators). They also fake toxicity via Mullerian mimicry.
56
Bivalves (Molluscs) 4
Oysters, clams, mussels. Adductor muscle controls the hinges on the shell. No head or radula, but some have eyes and tentacles on the edge of the mantle. Water enters through an incurrent siphon and exits through the excurrent siphon.
57
Cephalopods (Molluscs) 4
Squids, octopuses, and nautiluses. Tentacles, beak-like jaws, and poison in saliva for feeding. Many lack or have reduced shells but shells are present in nautiluses. Dispersed nervous system and range of eye capabilities.
58
Annelids (segmented worms) groups 3 and main feature
Leeches, marine worms, and earthworms. Annelid means "little rings" in Latin- SEGMENTATION.
59
Annelid body plan 4
Bilateral, triploblastic, coelomates, often have parapodia (chaetae bristles made of chitin.
60
Major annelid clades 2
Errantians are mobile marine. Sedentarians are less mobile, filter feeders, either slow-moving or burrow.
61
Annelid species commonly used in labs
Platynereis
62
Leeches 2
Parasites and predators. Hirudo medicinialis is used in modern medicine.
63
Earthworm morphology 5
Chaetae for movement, metanphridia in each segment for waste excretion, skin is a respiratory organ, cerebral ganglia throughout the body, the clitellum is the reproduction structure in the middle of the body.
64
Ecdysozoa clade groups 2 and main feature
Most diverse clade of animals due to insect diversity; Nematodes and Arthropods. The tough external coat (cuticle) is shed via ecdysis.
65
Nematoda 4
Free-living or parasitic. 1mm-1m long. Alimentary canal but no circulatory system. Accounts for 80% of all individual animals.
66
One of the most widely studied lab animals?
Caenorhabditis elegans also the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced.
67
Trichinella spiralis
Nematode that spreads from undercooked meat and is an intestinal worm in humans.
68
Arthropod characteristics
Billion, billion individuals living on Earth. Segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages. The cuticle has many functions and is made of proteins and chitin
69
Early arthropod fossils
Ex. Trilobites had nearly identical segments. Jointed appendages came later.
70
Internal arthropod systems
Open circulatory system with hemolymph instead of blood. Gas exchange is done by gills or tracheal systems
71
Chelicerates (arthropods)
Sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, and arachnids. Cheliciera are the pinchers near the mouth. 6 pairs of appendages. Spiders have book lungs.
72
Myriapods (arthropods)
Means many feet. millipedes have 2 pairs of legs per segment, centipedes have 1
73
Crustaceans
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles. Decapods have 10 legs/19 pairs of appendages and calcium carbonate/chitin shells. Copepods and krill are small/important crustaceans in the plankton community.
74
Hymenoptera
Bees, ants, wasps. Two pairs of wings and chewing/sucking mouth parts.
75
Lepidoptera
Butterflies. Two pairs of wings covered in scales. Long proboscis for feeding usually on nectar, but also blood or tears.
76
Hemiptera
True bugs, aphids, assassin bugs. Two pairs of wings, one leathery and one membranous. Piercing or sucking mouthparts, incomplete metamorphosis. Aphids use parthenogenesis and don't lay eggs, young are born pregnant.
77
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers. Herbivores with long legs for jumping. Males attract mates by rubbing body parts together.

Biology (7 decks)

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