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soc 10000 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is deviance?

A

Deviance is behavior that violates social norms.

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2
Q

What is crime?

A

Crime is behavior that violates laws.

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3
Q

How is deviance socially constructed?

A

Deviance varies across cultures, time periods, and social contexts.

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4
Q

What is formal social control?

A

Formal social control involves laws and regulations enforced by institutions (e.g., police, courts).

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5
Q

What is informal social control?

A

Informal social control involves social norms and expectations enforced by peers, family, and community.

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6
Q

What is the functionalist view on deviance?

A

Deviance serves a function in society by reinforcing norms and values, promoting social cohesion, and sometimes driving social change.

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7
Q

What is Merton’s strain theory?

A

Strain theory argues that deviance results from a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve them.

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8
Q

What is labeling theory?

A

Labeling theory states that being labeled as deviant influences self-identity and future behavior.

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9
Q

What is stigma?

A

Stigma is a mark of disgrace associated with a particular status or behavior.

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10
Q

What is broken windows theory?

A

Broken windows theory suggests that visible signs of disorder encourage further deviance.

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11
Q

What are formal sanctions?

A

Formal sanctions are penalties imposed by institutions (e.g., fines, prison).

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12
Q

What are informal sanctions?

A

Informal sanctions are social reactions like shame or praise.

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13
Q

What is street crime?

A

Street crime includes violent crimes, theft, and drug-related offenses.

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14
Q

What is white-collar crime?

A

White-collar crime refers to financially motivated crimes committed by individuals in professional roles (e.g., fraud, embezzlement).

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15
Q

What is rehabilitation in crime response?

A

Rehabilitation is the process of reforming offenders.

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16
Q

What is retribution in crime response?

A

Retribution is punishing offenders as a form of vengeance.

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17
Q

What is reparative justice?

A

Reparative justice focuses on restorative justice to repair harm.

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18
Q

What factors influence who gets punished?

A

Punishment is often influenced by socioeconomic status, race, and systemic bias.

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19
Q

What is recidivism?

A

Recidivism is the tendency of convicted criminals to reoffend.

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20
Q

What is the difference between income and wealth?

A

Income is money earned from work or investments, while wealth is accumulated assets, including property and savings.

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21
Q

What is stratification?

A

Stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of people in society based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, power, and status.

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22
Q

What is Rousseau’s view on inequality?

A

Rousseau believes inequality is unnatural and leads to conflict.

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23
Q

What is Ferguson & Millar’s view on inequality?

A

Ferguson & Millar argue that inequality is necessary for economic growth.

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24
Q

What is the Davis-Moore thesis?

A

The Davis-Moore thesis states that inequality ensures that important jobs are filled by the most qualified individuals.

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25
What is equality of opportunity?
Equality of opportunity means everyone has the same chances.
26
What is equality of condition?
Equality of condition involves addressing disadvantages.
27
What is equality of outcome?
Equality of outcome ensures equal results.
28
What is slavery in terms of stratification?
Slavery is the ownership of people.
29
What is the estate system?
The estate system is a feudal hierarchy.
30
What is the caste system?
The caste system is a rigid social hierarchy.
31
What is the class system?
The class system is based on economic status, with some social mobility.
32
What is Marx's view on class?
Marx views class as based on ownership of means of production (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat).
33
What is Weber's view on class?
Weber believes class involves economic status, social prestige, and political power.
34
What is socioeconomic status (SES)?
SES is a measure of a person’s economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation.
35
How is America stratified today?
The U.S. has the upper class, middle class, working class, and the poor, with growing income inequality.
36
What is horizontal social mobility?
Horizontal mobility is change within the same social level.
37
What is vertical social mobility?
Vertical mobility involves moving up or down in status.
38
What is structural social mobility?
Structural mobility refers to changes due to economic shifts.
39
What is intergenerational mobility?
Intergenerational mobility involves differences in social status between generations.
40
What is the definition of sex?
Sex refers to biological differences (male/female).
41
What is the definition of gender?
Gender refers to social roles and behaviors associated with masculinity and femininity.
42
How is biological sex influenced?
Biological sex is influenced by genetics, hormones, and social expectations.
43
What is the debate on gender differences?
The debate centers on whether gender differences are biologically determined or socially constructed.
44
What is Parsons’ sex role theory?
Parsons’ sex role theory posits that gender roles are functional for society.
45
What does conflict theory say about gender inequality?
Conflict theory argues that gender inequality results from power struggles.
46
What is feminism?
Feminism advocates for gender equality.
47
What is black feminism?
Black feminism examines race and gender intersectionality.
48
What does symbolic interactionism say about gender?
Symbolic interactionism (Goffman) suggests that gender is performed through social interactions.
49
What is postmodernism's view on gender?
Postmodernism challenges fixed gender categories.
50
What is the gender pay gap?
The gender pay gap refers to women earning less than men due to discrimination, occupational segregation, and caregiving roles.
51
What is the glass ceiling?
The glass ceiling refers to invisible barriers preventing women from advancing.
52
What is the glass escalator?
The glass escalator refers to men in female-dominated fields advancing faster.
53
What is race?
Race is a socially constructed category.
54
What are some myths about race?
Myths include biological racial superiority.
55
What is racism?
Racism is discrimination based on race.
56
How is race socially constructed?
Race is defined by social perceptions rather than biology.
57
What is the one-drop rule?
The one-drop rule categorized anyone with Black ancestry as Black.
58
What is social Darwinism?
Social Darwinism applied survival of the fittest to justify racial hierarchy.
59
What is eugenics?
Eugenics promoted selective breeding to 'improve' human genetics.
60
How does race matter?
Race affects access to resources, opportunities, and experiences.
61
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race refers to perceived physical differences, while ethnicity refers to cultural identity.
62
What are minority-majority group relations?
Minority-majority group relations include assimilation, pluralism, and segregation.
63
What is assimilation?
Assimilation is when minorities adopt the dominant culture.
64
What is pluralism?
Pluralism is when different groups coexist.
65
What is segregation?
Segregation refers to physical and social separation.
66
What is racial conflict?
Racial conflict involves hostility and violence between groups.
67
What are group responses to domination?
Responses include withdrawal, passing, acceptance, and resistance.
68
What is prejudice?
Prejudice refers to attitudes against a group.
69
What is discrimination?
Discrimination refers to actions based on prejudice.
70
What is Merton’s chart?
Merton’s chart differentiates between prejudice and discrimination.
71
What is colorblind racism?
Colorblind racism involves ignoring race while maintaining systemic inequality.
72
What is the invisible knapsack of privilege?
The invisible knapsack refers to unacknowledged advantages associated with race, gender, or class.
73
What is institutional racism?
Institutional racism is systemic discrimination within institutions.
74
What are examples of institutional racism?
Examples include redlining in housing and unequal school funding.
75
What is the future of race?
Discussions include growing multiracial identities, policy changes, and ongoing racial inequality.

soc 10000 (2 decks)

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