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soc 10000 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

argued that private property creates social inequality and that this inequality ultimately leads to social conflict.

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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2
Q

systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships

A

Stratification

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3
Q

form of wealth storable for the future

A

Assets

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4
Q

The notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of god

A

Ontological equality

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5
Q

Standard of equality that claims Inequality is acceptable as long as everyone has the same opportunity for advancement and is judged by the same standards.

A

Equality of opportunity

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6
Q

Idea that everyone should have an equal starting point to pursue their goals.

A

Equality of condition

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7
Q

Standard of equality that everyone in society should end up with the same “rewards” regardless of starting point, opportunities, or contributions.

A

Equality of outcome

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8
Q

A family’s or individual’s net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts)

A

Wealth

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9
Q

A politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility

A

Estate system

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10
Q

A religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility

A

Caste system

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11
Q

An economy based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility

A

Class system

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12
Q

Karl Marx’s representation of the working class

A

Proletariat

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13
Q

Karl Marx’s representation of the employing or capitalist class

A

Bourgeoisie

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14
Q

A system of stratification based on social prestige

A

status hierarchy system

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15
Q

A system of stratification that has a governing elite—a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society

A

Elite-mass dichotomy system

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16
Q

__________ refers to an individual’s position in a stratified social order.

A

Socioeconomic status

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17
Q

What are the benefits of wealth?

A

well-being, lower stress levels, better health, political influence, longer life

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18
Q

the economic elite

A

upperclass

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19
Q

The movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society.

A

social mobility

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20
Q

Myths about the poor say that welfare is __________________________

A

a strain on the federal budget

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21
Q

Myths about the poor say that welfare encourages married women to ___________ so they can collect more welfare.

A

divorce

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22
Q

Myths about the poor say that welfare encourages ___________ women on welfare to have more children.

A

single

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23
Q

Myths about the poor say that poor people are ________ in poverty

A

trapped

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24
Q

The biological differences that distinguish males from females.

A

sex

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25
Refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
sexuality
26
social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex.
Gender
27
Gender isn't natural, it's a ________________
Social institution
28
__________ want to alter their gender by changing their appearance or medical intervention
Transexuals
29
__________ people defy gender norms and blur accepted gender roles
transgendered
30
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female
gender roles
31
Evidence shows that gender roles have more to do with _____________ than with biology.
social status
32
Theory of gender that suggests gender differences reflect naturally evolved dispositions
Essentialism
33
Theory of gender that suggests gender differences reflect the different social positions occupied by women and men.
Social constructionism
34
Much like gender differences, sexual practices vary across time and place, supporting the notion that sexuality is as much of a ______________ as gender.
social construct
35
A social barrier that makes it difficult for women to rise to the top level of management
Glass ceiling
36
refers to a trend among middle class women leaving the workforce to be full-time wives and mothers.
opting out
37
__________ people have ambiguous genitalia resulting from a hormone imbalance in the womb or some other cause
intersexed
38
A group of people who typically share a set of—usually physical—characteristics, and are said to share a common bloodline.
Race
39
the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits coupled with the power to restrict freedoms based on those differences.
Racism
40
Racist thinking is characterized by what 3 key beliefs?
1. humans are divided into distinct bloodlines
41
2. These bloodlines linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, personalities, and intellectual abilities
42
3. Certain groups are superior to others.
43
_______ is a social construct that changes over time and across different contexts
Race
44
Many scholars believe we belong to one human race which originated in ______.
Africa
45
Sociologists use the term ________ because perceptions of it affect the lives of most people profoundly.
race
46
Humanity has experienced so much __________ that race as a biological category has lost meaning.
intermixing
47
Many historical efforts to explain race were biased due to ____________
ethnocentrism
48
Judgement of other group's by one's own standards and values
ethnocentrism
49
The notion some groups or races evolved more than others and were better fit to survive and even rule other races.
Social Darwinism
50
A pseudoscience which claimed that each race's negative traits could be bread out and positive traits in
Eugenics
51
Notion that just "one drop" of black blood makes a person black.
one-drop rule
52
The formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people( i.e. "Jews")
Racialization
53
Ethnicity thought of as a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but in the sense of identifying with a past or future nationality. (i.e. People "identifying" as Irish on St. Patrick's Day)
Symbolic Ethnicity
54
A theory which argues that poor people adopt certain practices, which differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society, in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances
Culture of poverty
55
Criticized feminist leaders for ignoring the experiences of thousands of working-class and nonwhite women
Patricia Hill Collins
56
Sociologist responsible for the second shift and supermom strategy
Arlie Hochschild
57
Refers to unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home.
Second Shift
58
A pseudoscience which cataloged variation by race most significantly based on skull measurements or head formation
phrenology
59
Researchers of modern human trafficking believe we're currently at the height of _______. Forced labor in the US contributes to an estimated 27 million people victimized to this phenomenon.
slavery
60
The point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members
Absolute poverty
61
A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location
Relative poverty
62
A condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances
Poverty
63
Declared a war on poverty by adding new programs to combat poverty in the Office of Economic Opportunity
President Lyndon B. Johnson
64
________, ___________, ________, ________, and _______ are all government programs for combating poverty
Welfare, EBT, Head Start, College Work Study, Job Corps
65
A significant calculation used by the government which takes the estimated cost of food and multiplies it by a factor of three
Poverty line
66
Most common measure of income inequality, measuring deviations from perfectly equal distribution of income in a nation.
Gini Coefficient
67
The U.S. has the highest percentage of _______ than any other developing nation
poverty
68
The U.S. has a higher range of ______________ than any other developing nation. (meaning the rich in the U.S. are much richer than the poor)
income inequality
69
technical term for multi-racial marriage.
Miscegenation
70
__________ refers to the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group as the majority.
Pluralism
71
The Nazis ________ the Jewish people. Forcing them to wear a yellow Star of David as a marker of their identity
Racialized
72
Average age of death of the members of a population
Life Expectancy
73
The __________________________________ is the average age of death for a population under ideal conditions.
Maximum average human life span
74
Doctors have a great amount of social power, political power, and prestige for what reasons?
1. Offer universally valued product of health and longevity
75
2. Limited number of doctors due to extensive education, training, and strict regulation of the profession
76
Doctors use ________ and ________ to assert their power
props and scripts
77
Doctors are very concerned with their standing among their ________.
Peers
78
The four main types of healthcare coverage in the U.S.
fee-for-service, health maintenance organizations, medicare, medicaid
79
women tend to live ______ than men
longer
80
married people tend to live ______.
longer
81
Large families and children born close together are both associated with higher child ________ rates, due to greater demands on parent's financial and emotional resources.
mortality
82
Theory which states that lower income and higher morbidity rates have no relationship since factors such as genetics and biology affect health and socioeconomic status
selection theory
83
The ____________________ states that health causes social position.
drift explanation
84
Theory that states that social status determines a person's health.
social determinants theory
85
The ____________________ provides a standard categorization of mental disorders and their definitions.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
86
There has been a significant increase in the use of ______________ to treat mental illness.
pharmaceuticals
87
Illness in a general sense
Morbidity
88
Term for death
Mortality
89
A family consisting of a father, mother, and their biological children
Nuclear (traditional) family
90
Kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
Extended family
91
Refers to marriage within one's own social group
Endogomy
92
Refers to marriage to someone from a different social group
Exogamy
93
The Supreme Court case that ended anti-miscegenation laws.
Loving vs. Virginia
94
the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship) with one person at a time
Monogamy
95
A system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time.
Polygamy
96
Most common form of polygamy, which is a system that allows men to have multiple wives.
Polygyny
97
System which allows women to have multiple husbands. The most rare form of polygamy.
Polyandry
98
Living as a romantically involved, unmarried couple
Cohabitation
99
Marriage and fertility rates are currently __________ in the U.S.
decreasing
100
In our society, divorce is a __________
constant
101
A family consisting of half-siblings or stepsiblings and parents
Blended family
102
Individual responsible for the medicalization of mental illness
Sigmund Frued
103
Doctor at John Hopkins University who operated with a two-sex model of human body types, and claimed his procedure on an intersexed child was a success story but in reality was a failure.
John Money
104
System involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
Patriarchy

soc 10000 (2 decks)

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