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General Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Tissues make up

A

Organs

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1
Q

Most animals are composed of cells organized into

A

Tissues that have different functions

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2
Q

Organs make up

A

Organ systems

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3
Q

Some organs belong to multiple organ systems, name one of these organs and the corresponding systems

A

Pancreas… Digestive and Endocrine

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4
Q

Different tissues have

A

Different structures that are suited to their functions

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5
Q

Tissues are classified into four main categories. Name them.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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6
Q

Name phylum that doesn’t have tissues

A

Porifera (Sponges)

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7
Q

How many middle ear bones do mammals have

A

Three

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8
Q

Describe the mammalian heart

A

Four Chambered

Left Aortic Arch

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9
Q

What does epithelial tissue cover

A

The outside of the body and it lines the organs and cavities within the body

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10
Q

Describe the orientation of epithelial tissue cells

A

Closely joined together

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11
Q

What does connective tissue do

A

It binds and supports other tissues

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12
Q

Describe the connective tissue cells

A

Sparsely packed and scatter throughout an extracellular matrix

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13
Q

What does the connective tissue matrix consist of

A

Fibers which can be liquid, jellylike, or solid

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14
Q

Describe muscle tissues

A

Consist of long cells called muscle fibers which contract in response to nerve tissues

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15
Q

Describe the three types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

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16
Q

Describe the function of nervous tissues

A

To sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal

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17
Q

What do nervous tissues contain

A

Neurons and glial cells

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18
Q

Describe something interesting about tissue cells

A

They are all genetically identical, but certain genes are turned on or off depending on type.

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19
Q

What do neurons do

A

Transmit nerve impulses

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20
Q

What do glial cells do

A

Help to nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

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21
Q

Emergent properties

A

Cannot be predicted

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22
Q

WhIch systems do control and coordination depend upon

A

Endocrine System

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23
Q

What does the endocrine system do

A

Transmits chhormones

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24
Q

Describe hormones

A

Relatively slow acting, but with potentially long lasting effects. May affect one or more regions throughout the body.

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25
Q

The nervous system transmits information between

A

Specific locations

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26
Q

Feedback Control…

A

Maintains the internal environment in many animals

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27
Q

This uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation

A

A Regulator

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28
Q

This allows its internal conditional vary with certain external changes

A

A conformer

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29
Q

Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about _____ from molecules in their diet

A

Half

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30
Q

Animals can synthesize most of the _____ that they need

A

Fatty acids

31
Q

______ are organic molecules that are required in our diet

A

Vitamins

32
Q

There are a total of ___ vitamins that we must pick up in our diets

A

13

33
Q

The two types of vitamins are___

A

Water soluble and fat soluble

34
Q

______ are inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts

A

Minerals (Ca, Fe, P, S, Cl, Na etc…)

35
Q

Dietary deficiencies are characterized by___

A

Undernourishment (long term result of diets that don’t supply enough energy)

Malnourishment (long term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients)

36
Q

The four main stages of food processing are…

A

Ingestion- the act of eating

Digestion- the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for cell absorption

Absorption- uptake of nutrients by body cells

Elimination- passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.

37
Q

The types of digestion in animals are….

A

Intracellular digestion and Extracellular digestion

38
Q

Food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles….

A

Intracellular digestion

39
Q

The breakdown of food particles outside of cells

A

Extracellular digestion

40
Q

The digestive tube is called a complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal

A

Extracellular digestion

41
Q

The _______ digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

A

Mammalian

42
Q

The mammalian accessory glands are the…

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

43
Q

The first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in the ______

A

Oral cavity

44
Q

Teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to _____ _______ initiating breakdown of glucose polymers

A

Salivary amylase

45
Q

The tongue shapes food into a _____ and provides help with swallowing

A

bolus

46
Q

The region that we call our throat is the ____ , a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe)

A

Pharynx

47
Q

The _____ stores foods and secretes ____ _____

A

Stomach, gastric juice (HCL + pepsin)

48
Q

_____ ____ secrete H and Cl ions separately

A

Parietal cells

49
Q

____ ____ secrete inactive pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

50
Q

The muscles at each end of the stomach that pinch the stomach off are called

A

Sphincter muscles

51
Q

The ___ ____ is the longest section of the alimentary canal

A

small intestine

52
Q

The first portion of the small intestine is called

A

the duodenum

53
Q

The small intestine has a large surface area due to…

A

Villi and micro villi that are exposed to, intestinal lumen

54
Q

Be able to describe the early radiation of animals

A

Prior to Cambrian explosion there was a radiation of animals in Rocks (roughly 600MYA) “Ediacaran”

55
Q

What is an animal

A

Multicellular heterotrophs

56
Q

Be able to explain

A

Vertebrates arose in marine environments and organisms didn’t move onto land until about 365MYA. This was due to the fact that climate was changing and as lakes and as waters dried out, predation and competition increased and organisms escaped from the water gradually

Phylum- Chordata

57
Q

32 #7

A

Diploblastic: Ectoderm and Endoderm
Triploblastic: ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm

Inner layer of blastula becomes endoderm and outer layer becomes ectoderm. Mesoderm forms In the mid layer.

The ectoderm forms integument skin and many parts of nervous system

Endoderm forms digestive structures and even the lungs

Mesoderm forms muscles and skeletal system, heart, etc…

58
Q

What is the most diverse phylum of animals

A

Arthropods

59
Q

What is the most diverse class of vertebrates

A

Actinobthorigea

60
Q

34 #1

A

Hollow dorsal nerve chords
Pharyngeal gill slits
Nota chord
Post anal tail

61
Q

34 #4

A

Ancestral number= 1 set of 13 Hox genes

Craniates:

Myxinni, petromyz. (No jaws)
2 sets

4sets (jaws and minimalized skeleton)

Tunicates are weird (only 9 Hox Genes)

62
Q

34 #7

A

Main Trends

  1. Trend towards bipedalism
  2. Increase in brain size (long after bipedalism)

Others: (Minor)

  1. Reduction in sexual dimorphism
  2. Hominin evolution didn’t narrowly lead to humans, there was instead a branching of organisms
63
Q

33 #1

A

Protostomes
1. Porifera- no true tissue, choanocytes
2. Cnidarian- diploblastic, cnidocytes(stinging cells)
3. Platyhelminthes - triploblastic acoelamate
4. Mollusca- Muscular foot, mantle, visceral mass
5. Annelida- Segmented worms
6. Nematodes- pseudocoelomate
(space between mesoderm and endoderm)
7. Arthropods- jointed legs, open circulatory system,

Deuterostomes
???-
Chordates-

64
Q

34 #3

A

Pg 698 (ninth edition)

65
Q

What 2 chordate classes are amniotic

A

Mammals ceropsids

66
Q

2 classes of tetrapod vertebrates

A

Amphibians and…

67
Q

32 #4

A

Feeding cells

68
Q

Cope, Marsh, Roy Chapman Andrews

A

Cope-
Marsh-
Roy Chapman Andrews-

69
Q

32 #10

A

(Pg. 662-663)

Before being able to quickly sequence the genome, phylogenetic were based on morphological features

Two main groups were Protostomes and deuterostomes

Today mains are locotrophozoa and ecdysizoa

Shuffling of bilaterally symmetrical organisms
Both are monophyletic
Basal sponges
Cnidarians are next branch

70
Q

40 #2

A

Epithelial- skin
Connective- blood/bones/ligaments/tendons
Muscle- heart
Nervous- neurons/brain

71
Q

40 #1

A

Emergent Properties are the new attributes of a system that paper at each next level of higher organization

all animals are organized hierarchically, but there are so many properties to consider that it must be dissected into specificrats in order to study

Essentially
Cells form tissues tissues form organs organs form organ systems organ systems form organisms

72
Q

Homeostasis is based on

A

Negative feedback

73
Q

40 #8

A

Evaporation
Homeotherm- if too hot, heat is expelled by evaporation (sweat)

Dog panting

Shivering when too cold in order for muscles to generate heat

74
Q

41 #8

A

Carnivores have simple and short digestive tracts because proteins are easy to digest

Omnivores have longer more complex digestive systems and for the purposes of digesting more complex and more diverse materials

75
Q

40 #10

A

Calories in addition to those needed for survival give energy for growth, storage, external activity, etc…)

76
Q

34 #2

A 
Hagg Fish - Jawless
Lambraes- Jawless, vertebrae forerunners
Actinobthorigei- fins, rays
Lung fish- lungs
Mammals- hair, mammary glands(females)
Amphibians- moist skin, no nails or claws in toes

General Zoology (2 decks)

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