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General Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Tissues make up

A

Organs

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1
Q

Most animals are composed of cells organized into

A

Tissues that have different functions

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2
Q

Organs make up

A

Organ systems

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3
Q

Some organs belong to multiple organ systems, name one of these organs and the corresponding systems

A

Pancreas… Digestive and Endocrine

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4
Q

Different tissues have

A

Different structures that are suited to their functions

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5
Q

Tissues are classified into four main categories. Name them.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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6
Q

Name phylum that doesn’t have tissues

A

Porifera (Sponges)

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7
Q

How many middle ear bones do mammals have

A

Three

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8
Q

Describe the mammalian heart

A

Four Chambered

Left Aortic Arch

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9
Q

What does epithelial tissue cover

A

The outside of the body and it lines the organs and cavities within the body

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10
Q

Describe the orientation of epithelial tissue cells

A

Closely joined together

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11
Q

What does connective tissue do

A

It binds and supports other tissues

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12
Q

Describe the connective tissue cells

A

Sparsely packed and scatter throughout an extracellular matrix

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13
Q

What does the connective tissue matrix consist of

A

Fibers which can be liquid, jellylike, or solid

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14
Q

Describe muscle tissues

A

Consist of long cells called muscle fibers which contract in response to nerve tissues

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15
Q

Describe the three types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

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16
Q

Describe the function of nervous tissues

A

To sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout the animal

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17
Q

What do nervous tissues contain

A

Neurons and glial cells

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18
Q

Describe something interesting about tissue cells

A

They are all genetically identical, but certain genes are turned on or off depending on type.

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19
Q

What do neurons do

A

Transmit nerve impulses

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20
Q

What do glial cells do

A

Help to nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

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21
Q

Emergent properties

A

Cannot be predicted

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22
Q

WhIch systems do control and coordination depend upon

A

Endocrine System

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23
Q

What does the endocrine system do

A

Transmits chhormones

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24
Describe hormones
Relatively slow acting, but with potentially long lasting effects. May affect one or more regions throughout the body.
25
The nervous system transmits information between
Specific locations
26
Feedback Control...
Maintains the internal environment in many animals
27
This uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation
A Regulator
28
This allows its internal conditional vary with certain external changes
A conformer
29
Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about _____ from molecules in their diet
Half
30
Animals can synthesize most of the _____ that they need
Fatty acids
31
______ are organic molecules that are required in our diet
Vitamins
32
There are a total of ___ vitamins that we must pick up in our diets
13
33
The two types of vitamins are___
Water soluble and fat soluble
34
______ are inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts
Minerals (Ca, Fe, P, S, Cl, Na etc...)
35
Dietary deficiencies are characterized by___
Undernourishment (long term result of diets that don't supply enough energy) Malnourishment (long term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients)
36
The four main stages of food processing are...
Ingestion- the act of eating Digestion- the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for cell absorption Absorption- uptake of nutrients by body cells Elimination- passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.
37
The types of digestion in animals are....
Intracellular digestion and Extracellular digestion
38
Food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles....
Intracellular digestion
39
The breakdown of food particles outside of cells
Extracellular digestion
40
The digestive tube is called a complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal
Extracellular digestion
41
The _______ digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts
Mammalian
42
The mammalian accessory glands are the...
Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
43
The first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in the ______
Oral cavity
44
Teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to _____ _______ initiating breakdown of glucose polymers
Salivary amylase
45
The tongue shapes food into a _____ and provides help with swallowing
bolus
46
The region that we call our throat is the ____ , a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe)
Pharynx
47
The _____ stores foods and secretes ____ _____
Stomach, gastric juice (HCL + pepsin)
48
_____ ____ secrete H and Cl ions separately
Parietal cells
49
____ ____ secrete inactive pepsinogen
Chief cells
50
The muscles at each end of the stomach that pinch the stomach off are called
Sphincter muscles
51
The ___ ____ is the longest section of the alimentary canal
small intestine
52
The first portion of the small intestine is called
the duodenum
53
The small intestine has a large surface area due to...
Villi and micro villi that are exposed to, intestinal lumen
54
Be able to describe the early radiation of animals
Prior to Cambrian explosion there was a radiation of animals in Rocks (roughly 600MYA) "Ediacaran"
55
What is an animal
Multicellular heterotrophs
56
Be able to explain
Vertebrates arose in marine environments and organisms didn't move onto land until about 365MYA. This was due to the fact that climate was changing and as lakes and as waters dried out, predation and competition increased and organisms escaped from the water gradually Phylum- Chordata
57
32 #7
Diploblastic: Ectoderm and Endoderm Triploblastic: ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm Inner layer of blastula becomes endoderm and outer layer becomes ectoderm. Mesoderm forms In the mid layer. The ectoderm forms integument skin and many parts of nervous system Endoderm forms digestive structures and even the lungs Mesoderm forms muscles and skeletal system, heart, etc...
58
What is the most diverse phylum of animals
Arthropods
59
What is the most diverse class of vertebrates
Actinobthorigea
60
34 #1
Hollow dorsal nerve chords Pharyngeal gill slits Nota chord Post anal tail
61
34 #4
Ancestral number= 1 set of 13 Hox genes Craniates: Myxinni, petromyz. (No jaws) 2 sets 4sets (jaws and minimalized skeleton) Tunicates are weird (only 9 Hox Genes)
62
34 #7
Main Trends 1. Trend towards bipedalism 2. Increase in brain size (long after bipedalism) Others: (Minor) 1. Reduction in sexual dimorphism 2. Hominin evolution didn't narrowly lead to humans, there was instead a branching of organisms
63
33 #1
Protostomes 1. Porifera- no true tissue, choanocytes 2. Cnidarian- diploblastic, cnidocytes(stinging cells) 3. Platyhelminthes - triploblastic acoelamate 4. Mollusca- Muscular foot, mantle, visceral mass 5. Annelida- Segmented worms 6. Nematodes- pseudocoelomate (space between mesoderm and endoderm) 7. Arthropods- jointed legs, open circulatory system, Deuterostomes ???- Chordates-
64
34 #3
Pg 698 (ninth edition)
65
What 2 chordate classes are amniotic
Mammals ceropsids
66
2 classes of tetrapod vertebrates
Amphibians and...
67
32 #4
Feeding cells
68
Cope, Marsh, Roy Chapman Andrews
Cope- Marsh- Roy Chapman Andrews-
69
32 #10
(Pg. 662-663) Before being able to quickly sequence the genome, phylogenetic were based on morphological features Two main groups were Protostomes and deuterostomes Today mains are locotrophozoa and ecdysizoa Shuffling of bilaterally symmetrical organisms Both are monophyletic Basal sponges Cnidarians are next branch
70
40 #2
Epithelial- skin Connective- blood/bones/ligaments/tendons Muscle- heart Nervous- neurons/brain
71
40 #1
Emergent Properties are the new attributes of a system that paper at each next level of higher organization all animals are organized hierarchically, but there are so many properties to consider that it must be dissected into specificrats in order to study Essentially Cells form tissues tissues form organs organs form organ systems organ systems form organisms
72
Homeostasis is based on
Negative feedback
73
40 #8
Evaporation Homeotherm- if too hot, heat is expelled by evaporation (sweat) Dog panting Shivering when too cold in order for muscles to generate heat
74
41 #8
Carnivores have simple and short digestive tracts because proteins are easy to digest Omnivores have longer more complex digestive systems and for the purposes of digesting more complex and more diverse materials
75
40 #10
Calories in addition to those needed for survival give energy for growth, storage, external activity, etc...)
76
34 #2
``` Hagg Fish - Jawless Lambraes- Jawless, vertebrae forerunners Actinobthorigei- fins, rays Lung fish- lungs Mammals- hair, mammary glands(females) Amphibians- moist skin, no nails or claws in toes ```

General Zoology (2 decks)

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