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General Zoology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

Semelparous

A

One reproductive epidode

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1
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, esp. as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants.

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2
Q

Iteoparous

A

Multiple reproductive episodes

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3
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of the uterus

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4
Q

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems are..

A

Tightly Coupled

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5
Q

The gastrovascular cavity functions to distribute substances to body cells in ______ ______, but in _______ _________ a ________ ________ is needed.

A

Simple organisms, larger organisms, circulatory system

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6
Q

The three primary functions of the circulatory system are…

A

transport blood, provide the body organs with food and to help get rid of harmful byproducts. (The heart and the lung are the main organs in the circulatory system.)

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7
Q

What are 5 major components of the circulatory system

A

Heart, Arteries, Veins, Blood, Lungs

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8
Q

Describe an open circulatory system

A

Arthropods and mollusks have an open circulatory system. In this type of system, there is neither a true heart or capillaries as are found in humans. Instead of a heart there are blood vessels that act as pumps to force the blood along. Instead of capillaries, blood vessels join directly with open sinuses.

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9
Q

What is hemolymph and what it composed of

A

It is the “blood” for organisms with an OCS. It is made up of actual blood and interstitial fluid.

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10
Q

What are the openings in insect bodies called

A

Spiracles

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11
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

The closed circulatory system exists in some mollusks and all higher invertebrates and the vertebrates. Here blood is pumped through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Capillaries surround the organs, making sure that all cells have an equal opportunity for nourishment and removal of their waste products.

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12
Q

Distinguish between a single and double circulatory system

A

the blood is only pumped through the heart once in a single circulation system, but in a double circulation system, the blood doubles back by the heart again and can be mixed blood, de-oxygenated, etc. depending on where it’s coming from. Fish are the only organisms with a single circulatory system

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13
Q

Detail the Ecological Hierarchy

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
Populations
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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14
Q

Population ecologists study…

A

Birth/Death Rates, density, dispersion

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15
Q

Community Ecologists study…

A

Interspecific interactions: predation, mutualism, interspecific competition

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16
Q

What are some factors influencing geographic distribution of species

A

Dispersal, habitat selection, biotic and abiotic factors

17
Q

What is dispersal

A

Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site or any breeding site to another. The act of dispersal involves three phases: departure, transfer, settlement and there are different fitness costs and benefits associated with each of these phases. may be contrasted with geodispersal, which is the mixing of previously isolated populations (or whole biotas) following the erosion of geographic barriers to dispersal or gene flow

18
Q

What is habitat selection

A

habitat selection is an evolutionary game that serves as a mechanism for regulating populations in space, determining cues that organisms use to choose habitats, and assessing how spatial scale and patterns in the landscape limit habitat use.

19
Q

Name some biotic dispersal factors

A

Predation, competition

20
Q

Name some abiotic dispersal factors

A

Climate: temperature, water, sunlight, wind
Biomes
Terrain

21
Q

What are global climate patterns

A

any recurring characteristic of the climate. the mode of variability with the greatest effect on climates worldwide is the seasonal cycle.
Seasons result from the yearly orbit of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth’s rotational axis relative to the plane of orbit, variations of which may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant.

22
Q

What are the aquatic and terrestrial biomes that were discussed

A

Streams/Rivers, Estuaries, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Broadleaf Forest, tropical forest.

23
Q

What are characteristics of Streams/Rivers

A
  • The most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is current
  • A diversity of fishes and invertebrates inhabit unpolluted rivers and streams
  • Damming and flood control impair natural functioning of stream and river ecosystems
24
Q

What are some characteristics of estuaries

A
  • An estuary is a transition area between river and sea
  • Salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides
  • Estuaries are nutrient rich and highly productive
  • An abundant supply of food attracts marine invertebrates and fish
25
Q

What are some characteristics of temperate grasslands

A

Grassland biomes are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs. Latitude, soil and local climates for the most part determine what kinds of plants grow in a particular grassland. A grassland is a region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses,

26
Q

What are some characteristics of Temperate Broadleaf Forests

A

these forests includes four layers. The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from 33 to 66 m (100 to 200 feet) high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade-tolerant understory that is roughly 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 feet) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy which is composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants. Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

27
Q

What are some characteristics of Tropical Forests

A

The tropical rain forest is a forest of tall trees in a region of year-round warmth. An average of 50 to 260 inches (125 to 660 cm.) of rain falls yearly. Almost all rainforests lie near the equator, where temperatures are warm year round.

28
Q

Define population

A

A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. Ex. Snakes in Arizona

29
Q

Define density

A

Number of organisms

/individuals per unit area.

30
Q

Define dispersion

A

How individuals are arranged in space

31
Q

What are the types of dispersion

A

Clumped, uniform, random

32
Q

Characteristics of life history

A

Various investments in growth, reproduction, and survivorship

33
Q

Explain r selected vs k selected organisms

A

r-selection species spread parental investment across many offspring whereas K-selected species focus theirs on a few.

34
Q

What is a Metapopulation

A

A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. With less populated demographics being more prone to extinction due to naturally occurring events

35
Q

Describe the chambers of the heart

A

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body.

36
Q

Describe ecological niche

A

The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms,

37
Q

What are keystone species

A

keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.

38
Q

What are the main functions of testosterone

A

testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair.

39
Q

What are the main functions of estrogen

A

They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm[

General Zoology (2 decks)

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