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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

____ is all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

____ is the processes that capture and store energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple ones.

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

____ is the processes that use energy to synthesize and assemble the building blocks of cells (simple to complex)

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

____ speed up catabolic reactions in biological systems.

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

____ is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen.

A

Anaerobic Respiration

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6
Q

____ is a process by which pyretic acid is subsequently metabolized in the absence of oxygen.

A

Fermentation

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7
Q

___ use inorganic chemical reactions for energy production.

A

Chemoautotrophs

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8
Q

____ use sunlight as a source of energy, and organic compounds as a carbon source. (Chloroflexus)

A

Photoheterotrophs

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9
Q

____ use sunlight and carbon dioxide.

A

Photoautotrophs

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10
Q

____ use organic compounds for energy production. (Pathogenic Organisms)

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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11
Q

____ is the process of energy capture in which a proton gradient is created by means of electron transport and then used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

A

Chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Two types of of ATP synthesis.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation & Oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

The following 4 steps describes ____. 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP’s to glucose) 2. Breaking of a six-carbon molecule (glucose) into 2 three carbon molecules 3. The transfer of two electrons to the coenzyme NAD 4. The capture of energy in ATP

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

The following 3 steps describe _____.1. The oxidation of carbon 2. The transfer of electrons to coenzymes3. Substrate-level energy capture

A

The Krebs Cycle

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15
Q

____ is the process leading to the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2, begins during one of the energy-releasing dehydrogenation reactions of catabolism.

A

Electron transport

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16
Q

____ & ____ are the two types of processes that make up Metabolism.

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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17
Q

____ is the loss of electrons.

A

Oxidation

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18
Q

_____ is the gain of electrons

A

Reduction

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19
Q

____ are proteins that work in metabolism by lowering the energy of activation.

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

____ are three dimensionally shaped with active sites so a substrate may bind.

A

Enzyme

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21
Q

Define activation energy:

A

The energy required to start a reaction

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22
Q

____ is the protein portion of an enzyme.

A

Apoenzyme

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23
Q

____ is a portion of an enzyme that is usually an inorganic molecule or a mineral that improves the fit of the enzyme with its substrate.

A

Cofactor

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24
Q

____ is a nonprotein organic molecule or vitamin that is bound to an enzyme.

A

Coenzyme

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25
____ is the region where an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Active Site
26
____ is the substance in which the enzyme binds to/acts on.
Substrate
27
What are the 4 steps of Aerobic Respiration?
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
28
____ is a 10 step pathway that converts 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules.
Glycolysis
29
What is the yield of ATP during Glycolysis.
2 ATP
30
What is the yield of ATP during the Krebs Cycle.
2 ATP
31
____ is the breakdown of nutrients.
Catabolic Reaction
32
____ is the addition of the phosphate group.
Phosphorylation
33
____ is the loss of electrons
Oxidation
34
____ is the formation of macromolecules.
Anabolic Reaction
35
____ is the gain of electrons.
Reduction
36
____ generally exhibit a high degree of specificity for one particular substrate.
Enzymes
37
____ is the principal energy-exchange molecule in living cells.
ATP
38
____ produces acids, gases and alcohol, occurs in the absence of oxygen, starts with the breakdown of pyretic acid, and occurs following glycolysis and produces NAD.
Fermentation
39
During aerobic respiration most of the energy is produced by what?
Fermentation
40
What are the 3 typical end products from complete aerobic respiration?
1. CO2 2. Water 3. ATP
41
____ is ATP production from a proton gradient across the plasma membrane.
Chemiosmosis
42
____ is the pathway that begins the breakdown of glucose.
Glycolysis
43
___ includes flavoprotiens, cytochromes, and quinones.
ETC
44
___ is the anaerobic pathway that uses and organic final electron acceptor.
Fermentation
45
____ is the pathway that uses light, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll to produce carbs.
Photosynthesis
46
____ is also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or the citric acid cycle.
Krebs Cycle
47
In nature, microorganisms usually exist how?
As biofilms
48
____ are groups of different microbes organized into layers on a surface.
Biofilms
49
In the lab, organisms are studies as what?
Pure Cultures
50
___ refers to increases in the number of cells.
Growth
51
____ occurs when a cell duplicates its components and divides into 2 cells.
Binary fission
52
____ is the amount of time it takes for a population to douple.
Doubling time or Generation Time
53
What are the 4 phases of growth.
1. Lag phase 2. Log phase 3. Stationary phase 4. Death phase
54
____ is the phase when bacteria are synthesizing macromolecules needed for growth.
Lag Phase
55
____ is the phase when cells divide at most rapid rate.
Log Phase
56
____ is the phase after bacteria stop growing in that new cells are produced at the same rate as old cells die.
Stationary Phase
57
____ is the phase when the number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate.
Death Phase
58
____ is considered most bacteria with a pH of 5-8.
Neutrophile
59
____ is bacteria that grow best with a pH less that 5.5 and live in dry acid soils.
Acidophiles
60
____ is bacteria that grow best with a pH greater that 8.5 and live in alkaline lakes and soils.
Alkalinophiles
61
____ is a microorganism that is known as cold loving and lives in -5 degrees C and 15 degrees C.
Psychrophiles
62
____ are microorganisms that live around 0 degrees C up to 30 degrees C. (Grow in refrigerated food.)
Psychrotrophs
63
____ are microorganisms that live best around 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F.
Mesophiles
64
____ are microorganisms that are known as heat loving and live between 45 degrees C and 70 degrees C.
Thermophiles
65
____ are microorganisms that are considered to be extreme and live in temperatures between 70 degrees C and 110 degrees C.
Hyperthermophiles
66
____ is the lowest temperature at which cells can divide.
Minimum growth temperature
67
____ is the highest temperature at which cells can divided.
Maximum growth temperature
68
____ is the temperature at which cells divide most rapidly, having the shortest generation time.
Optimum growth temperature
69
_____ means a microorganism can grow in relatively high sugar solution
Osmotolerant
70
A ____ is a microorganism requires high salt to grow.
Obligate Halophile
71
A ____ is a microorganism that doesn't require high salt, but can tolerate salt up to 2%.
Facultative Halophile
72
A ____ is a microorganism that likes dryness.
Xerophiles
73
____ breaks down hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2
Catalase
74
____ breaks down Superoxide anion.
SOD (Superoxide dismutase)
75
___ lack catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Obligate Anaerobes
76
-phile means.
Specific
77
Difference in Obligate and Facultative.
Obligate is associated with one specific thing | Facultative is flexible and can be associated with different things.
78
____ grows with or without oxygen. (Anaerobic only)
Aerotolerant anaerobes
79
___ must have abundant oxygen
Obligate aerobes
80
____likes carbon dioxide
Capnophile
81
____ needs a small amount of oxygen.
Microaerophile
82
____ grows with or without oxygen. (Aerobic or Anaerobic)
Facultative anaerobes
83
____ is killed by oxygen.
Obligate anaerobe
84
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces how many ATP/glucose?
34 ATP/glucose
85
Substrate-level phosphorylation produces how many ATP/glucose?
4 ATP/glucose
86
Aerobic respiration produces how many ATP/glucose?
38 ATP/glucose
87
Define biofilm.
A layer of one or more kinds of bacteria growing on a surface

Microbiology (9 decks)

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