Exam 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
“Bias” in epidemiological studies
Research design influenced by pre-conceived “notions”
Data collection influenced by “expectations”
“P” value in statistical tests
Likelihood that test is “false”
Likelihood that result occurred by “chance”
Diagnostics
Correct outcome
False positive
False negative
Use of risk assessment in public health
Identify ‘intervention’ priorities
Do ‘cost-benefit’ assessments
Design ‘education’ programs
Use of health statistics
Health needs 'identification' Determination of "trends" 'Program' evaluation and planning 'Budget' planning and justification 'Administrative' decision making Health 'education' Conducting epidemiological 'studies'
Who collects health data?
Local health departments
State herb departments
Federal agencies (national center for health statistics)
Vital statistics
Births
Mother
Child
Birth weight, gender, race, ethnicity, abnormalities, education levels, address
Vital statistics
Deaths
Cause of death
Age
Gender
Race, ethnicity, etc.
National census overview/definition
Census bureau (dept. of commerce)
Every 10 years
Includes all persons in u.s.
Information used for determining…
National census
Information used for determining…
Congressional make up
State and local funding
Basis for demographic calculations (rates, %)
What info National census collects
- Total population count
- Scope of info collected (gender, race, ethnicity, housing status, family status, socio-economic status)
- Invasion of privacy
Weakness in national census data
Accuracy issue:
Possible omissions
In accuracy and incompleteness of information provided by respondents
Current issues in public health
- Ebola epidemic
- public health response (medical issues, social issues)
Controlling infectious disease
Prevent the continuation of the disease by interrupting the chain of infection.
Interrupting the chain of infection
- Identify the organism and destroy it
- Eliminate the host
- Prevent the transmission from one host to another
- Increase the resilience of susceptible hosts
Leading causes of premature death
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular disease risk factors
Smoking, obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol
Cancer risk factors
Smoking, obesity, environmental carcinogens, radiation, viruses
Diabetes risk factors
Obesity, life style, nutrition, exercise, genetics (type 1)
Causes of death in U.S.
- Tobacco use
- Nutrition and exercise
- Alcohol abuse
- infectious agents
- toxic agents
- motor vehicle accidents
- fire arms
- sexual behavior
- drug abuse
Tobacco use causes of death
- lung cancer
- oral cancer
- nasal cancer
- emphysema
Nutrition and exercise causes of death
- starvation
- obesity (diabetes, heart disease, stroke)
Alcohol abuse causes of death
- cirrhosis of liver
- hazardous behavior
- violence
- injuries
- accidents
Infectious agents causes of death
- viral agents (influenza, hep c, HIV, rabies)
- bacterial agents (tuberculosis, staphylococcus, streptococcus, salmonella)
