Exam 3

Question 0

Accident analysis methods

Answer 0

• host (automobiles, guns, tools)
• agent (physical, thermal, chemical, biological, radiation)
• environment (location, conditions, time, social setting)

Question 1

Burden of injury

Answer 1

• more events than reported (‘tip of the iceberg’)
• injuries may cost more than fatalities
• costs associated with time (short term vs. Long term)

Question 2

Accident prevention classifications

Answer 2

• primary (prevent event from occurring)
• secondary (minimize damage or injury)
• tertiary (reduce disability or long term consequences)

Question 3

Casual relationships

Answer 3

• accident -random or casual outcome?
• role of “near misses” and “close calls”
• convergence of multiple “errors”

Question 4

Common air pollutants

Answer 4

• sulfur dioxide -irritant, acid rain
• carbon monoxide -asphyxiate
• nitrogen oxides -smog
• ozone -irritant
• lead -neurological consequences

Question 5

Sources of air pollutants

Answer 5

• power plants
• motor vehicles
• industrial processes

Question 6

Health impacts of particulate pollutants

Smoke, ash, soot, dust

Answer 6

• entry into respiratory tract
• adsorption and absorption of harmful chemicals
• greater than 10 microns-not too critical
• smaller than 2.5 microns -serious

Question 7

Economic impact of regulating air pollution emissions

Answer 7

• cleaning the exhaust-filters, combustion, disposal
• redesigning processes-new equipment
• enforcement of regulations-legal expenses
• passing the cost on to customers -products and services

Question 8

Sick building syndrome

Occupants become ill as a result of exposure of a building

Answer 8

• tobacco smoke
• consumer cleaning products
• air fresheners
• cosmetics
• biological agents-bacteria, mold, dust mites, animal dander

Question 9

Preparedness assessment

Disasters

Answer 9

• hazard identification (physical, chemical)
• risk determination and quantification (defining probability of occurrence)
• vulnerability assessment (assessing the resilience to hazard)
• defining mitigation options (reducing risk and vulnerability)

Question 10

Bioterrorism A

Answer 10

-very easily disseminated
-easily transmitted
-high to moderate mortality rate
-installs fear
Ex. Anthrax, botulism, small pox, plague

Question 11

Bioterrorism B

Answer 11

-moderately easy to disseminate
-moderate mortality rate
-carrier substance requires enhancements
Ex. Salmonella, staph, cryptosporidium , cholera

Question 12

Bioterrorism C

Answer 12

-difficult to produce and maintain
-not contagious
-does not occur frequently in nature
Ex. Unknown, genetically engineered pathogens

Question 13

Anthrax

Answer 13

• bacterium, infection of lung, stomache or skin
• high fatality rate

A

Question 14

Botulism

Answer 14

• bacterium, toxin, paralytic symptoms
• can be fatal

A

Question 15

Plague

Answer 15

• bacterium, contagious
• transmission through food and water
• lymph nodes, blood vessels, and lungs
• moderate mortality

A

Question 16

Smallpox

Answer 16

• virus,throat,lungs,skin,lymph nodes
• moderate mortality

A

Question 17

Tularemia

Answer 17

• bacteria, rabbits, and rodents as hosts
• transmitted by ticks and deer flies
• low mortality

A

Question 18

Water treatment facility summary

Answer 18

Sedimentation
Coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection

Question 19

Wastewater treatment facility summary

Answer 19

Primary treatment
-removal of solids by screening and settling
Secondary treatment
-breakdown of organic materials using biological processes (bacteria+oxygen)
-disinfect with chlorine