The minimum amount of energy required to bring about a chemical reaction is called:
Activation energy
Which of the following is not a property of enzymes?
A) Capable of being regulated
B) Reaction rates high in comparison to uncatalyzed reaction
C) Highly specific
D) Side products of reactions are rare
E) All of the above are true
All of the above are true
Consider the following reaction diagram. Which letter indicates the transition state?

C
In contrast to inorganic catalysts, enzymes have an intricately shaped surface called the __________.
Active Site. Each active site is a cleft or crevice in a large protein molecule into which substrate molecules can bind in a catalysis-promoting orientation.
The lock and key model of enzyme activity proposes that each:
Enzyme binds a specific substrate because the active site and substrate have complementary structures.
The synthesis of enzymes in response to changing metabolic needs is referred to as:
Enzyme induction, allows cells to respond efficiently to changes in their enviorment.
Which of the following is a coenzyme?
NADP+ (complex organic molecule
Alcohol dehydrogenase without NAD+ is called a _______:
Apoenzyme (The protein component of an enzyme that lacks an essential cofactor)
The term synthetase is included in which class of enzymes?
Ligases
Which of the following is not a type of oxidoreductase?
A Peroxidase
B) Hydroxylase
C) Reductase
D) Dehydrogenase
E) Peptidase
Peptidase
Which of the following classes of enzymes catalyze reactions involving the cleavage of bonds by the addition of water?
Hydrolase
Consider the following reaction data.
Alanylanine + water -----à alanine
[alanylanine} [water] Rate
0.1 0.1 1x 10-4
0.2 0.1 2x10-4
0.1 0.2 2x10-4
0.2 0.2 4x10-4
The reaction is _______ order overall.
Second
The steady state assumption states that if:
K1 = the rate constant for ES formation
K2 = the rate constant for ES dissociation
K3 = the rate constant for product formation

The rate of formation of ES is equal to the rate of its degradation over the course of the reaction
The expression of the Michaelis constant is equal to:
Where
K1 = the rate constant for ES formation
K2 = the rate constant for ES dissociation
K3 = the rate constant for product formation

km=(K2 + K3)/K1
Specific activity is defined as
The number of I.U. per mg of protein (quantity used to measure enzyme purification)
In the Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plot the slope is equal to _____.
Km/Vmax
In the Lineweaver-Burke double reciprocal plot the vertical intercept is equal to ____.
1/Vmax
In the Lineweaver-Burke double reciprocal plot the horizontal intercept is equal to _________.
–1/Km
In competitive inhibition, increasing the concentration of substrate:
Increases the overall rate of the reaction
Which of the following amino acids is capable of acting as a general acid or general base at physiological pH ?
Histidine
Which of the following amino acids can participate in covalent catalysis?
A) Tryptophan
B) Tyrosine
C) Serine
D) Histidine
E) Both C and D are correct
Serine & Histidine
Which of the following is a feature of transition metals that makes them efficient cofactors?
A) Have a high concentration of positive charge
B) Can act as a Lewis acid
C) Have directed valences
D) Can exist as a variety of valence states
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct.
NADPH and NADH are coenzymes found in which class of enzymes?
Dehydrogenases
Which of the following is not present in the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase?
A) Zn++
B) Histidine
C) Cysteine
D) NAD+
E) Proline
Proline
Enzyme control is accomplished in which of the following ways?
A) Genetic control
B) Covalent modification
C) Allosteric regulation
D) Compartamentation
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Zymogens are a feature of what type of enzymatic control?
Covalent modification
Regulatory enzymes are a feature of what type of enzymatic control?
Covalent modification & Allosteric regulation
Positive cooperativity is a feature of what type of enzymatic control?
Allosteric regulation
Segregation of biochemical pathways into different organelles in an example of which type of enzymatic regulation?
Compartmentation
Catalysts are effective because they:
Decrease the activation energy of a reaction
Enzymes act by _________.
Decreasing the energy of activation of a reaction & Providing a surface to favorably orient the reactants
Enzyme studies are best carried out:
In the presence of an inert crowding agent
Alcohol dehydrogenase is an example of which of the following classes of enzymes?
Oxidoreductases
Which of the following is not an assumption of the law of mass action?
A) Forward reaction is linear
B) Reverse reaction is linear
C) System is homogenous
D) Interacting molecules move randomly and independently of each other
E) All are assumptions of the law of mass action
All are assumptions of the law of mass action
Metabolons are defined as:
Complexes that channel product molecules from one active site to another
Metabolic flux is best defined as a:
Rate of flow of metabolites from one point to another in a pathway
Which of the following molecules can most easily facilitate quantum mechanical tunneling?
A) NADH
B) NADD
C) NADT
D) All of the above are correct
E) None of these molecules are involved in tunneling
NADH
Which of the following amino acids cannot actively participate in a catalytic site?
A) Serine
B) Threonine
C) Tyrosine
D) Lysine
E) Glutamine
Lysine
In addition to serine and aspartate which of the following amino acids is a member of the serine triad?
Histidine
Which of the following is not an important metal in biological systems
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Mg++
D) Cu++
E) Ba++
Ba++
Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are controlled primarily by the interplay between the two hormones insulin and ________.
Glucagon
Hexokinase D is found in the _______.
Liver
An enzyme family called the _________ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.
Hexokinases
The conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose has a DG0’ near zero. Which of the following reactions is coupled with the above reaction to drive it to completion?
Hydrolysis of PPi
Which of the following is required for the conversion of UDP-glucose to glycogen?
A) Glycogen synthase
B) Branching enzyme
C) Glucose phosphorlyase
D) Debranching enzyme
E) Both A and B are correct
Both A and B are correct
A glycogen molecule that has been degraded to its branch points is called
Limit dextrin
Regulation of glycolysis involves all of the following except
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) SREBP1c
D) AMPK
E) None of the above
???
The binding of insulin to receptors on the surface of muscle cells stimulates which of the following processes
Glycogenesis
Under stressful conditions epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. The release of epinephrine has which of the following effects on glucose metabolism?
A) Glycogenolysis is stimulated
B) Glycogenesis is inhibited
C) Adenylate cyclase is activated
D) Both A and B are correct
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Phosphorylase kinase
Converts inactive phosphorylase to active phosphorylase
Cori’s disease is caused by
A deficiency of debranching enzyme
Which of the following activates phosphoprotein phosphatase?
Insulin
Glucose-6-phosphate is a substrate in which of the following processes
A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Glycolysis
C) Photosynthesis
D) Glycogenolysis
E) Both A and B are correct
Both A and B are correct
Fructose-2,6-biphosphate
Is an indicator of high cellular glucose concentration
The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to as
Glycolysis
In glycolysis ________ moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose consumed.
2
In glycolysis ________ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed
2
The presence of which of the following molecules indicates that the cell has sufficient energy reserves?
A) ATP
B) Citrate
C) ADP
D) Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
E) Both A and B are correct
Both A and B are correct
Which of the following enzymes is an oxidoreductase?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehdyrogenase
The first reaction in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes an irreversible process
Pyruvate kinase
In anaerobic organisms pyruvate is used to regenerate cellular ________
NAD+
Allosteric regulation of which of the following enzymes is important in the regulation of glycolysis?
A) Hexokinase
B) PFK-1
C) Pyruvate kinase
D) Both A and C are correct
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the
Liver
) Which of the following molecules can be used to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis.
A) Lactate
B) Pyruvate
C) Glycerol
D) Keto acids
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Which of the following is the most important glucogenic amino acid?
A) Aspartate
B) Alanine
C) Glycine
D) Glutamate
E) All are equally important
Alanine
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by high concentrations of which of the following compounds?
A) Lactate
B) Glycerol
C) Amino acid
D) Both A and B are correct
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Which of the following is an oxidizing agent in fermentation?
A) Lactate
B) Glucose
C) NADH
D) Pyruvate
E) ADP
Pyruvate
In addition to glucose which of the following sugars are important in the human diet?
A) Fructose
B) Galactose
C) Mannose
D) Sucrose
E) Both A and D are correct
Sucrose
Intermediates in the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway include all of the following except
A) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B) Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate
C) Fructose-6-phosphate
D) Xylulose-5-phosphate
E) Erythrose-4-phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
The use of a highly exergonic reaction in the beginning of a catabolic pathway is referred to as
Turbo design
Aldol cleavage of which of the following sugars will produce one mole each of dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde?
Fructose
Which of the following is a second messenger in glycogenolysis?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Glucose
D) ATP
E) cAMP
cAMP
Phosphoroylation of glucose upon entering the cell has what effect?
Prevents the glucose from leaving again and Activates the glucose for further reaction
Physiologically, the most important kinases are glycogen kinase and ________
Casein kinase
Which of the following enzymes is not required in gluconeogenesis?
A) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxekinase
B) Phosphofructokinase
C) Pyruvate kinase
D) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
E) Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphofructokinase
The final product of glycolysis is
Pyruvate
The principal products of the pentose phosphate pathway include
NADPH and Ribose-5-phosphate
Flux of which of the following sugars into the glycolytic pathway is essentially unregulated.
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Glucose-1-phosphate
D) Both A and C are correct
E) None of the above are correct
Fructose
Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second is
Preventing the cleavage products of the next step from diffusing out of the cell
Enzymes act by _________.
Decreasing the energy of activation of a reaction and Providing a surface to favorably orient the reactants
In the graph reaction rate vs substrate concentration, the reason that the curve reaches a plateau, and does not increase any further at high substrate concentration is that:

. the active site is saturated with substrate
Regulatory enzymes are a feature of what type of enzymatic control?
Allosteric regulation
Zymogens are a feature of what type of enzymatic control?
Covalent modification
Enzyme control is accomplished in which of the following ways?
Genetic control; Covalent modification; Allosteric regulation; Compartamentation
NADPH and NADH are coenzymes found in which class of enzymes?
Dehydrogenases
Which of the following amino acids can participate in covalent catalysis?
A) Tryptophan; B) Tyrosine; C) Serine; D) Histidine; E) Both C and D are correct
Serine and Histidine
Which of the following is the abbreviated formula of the tetrapeptide shown below? (Hint: remember to start at the N-terminal end.)

asp-ala-ser-lys
Which of the following classes of enzymes catalyze reactions involving the cleavage of bonds by the addition of water?
Hydrolase
The expression of the Michaelis constant is equal to:
(K2 + K3)/K1
The lock and key model of enzyme activity proposes that each:
Enzyme binds a specific substrate because the active site and substrate have complementary structures
Which of the following structures is the beta-anomer of D-glucose:

The structures below can be identified as:

1=aldose, 2=ketose
The figure below shows which type of chemical reaction:

mutarotation in solution
The figure below shows a redox reaction used to identify glucose. In this reaction:

Glucose is oxidized to an aldonic acid
Which one of the following is not true concerning D-glucose?
A. D-glucose is a reducing sugar;
B. D-glucose readily forms cyclic hemiacetals.;
C. D-glucose is optically active;
D. D-glucose is a ketose.
D-glucose is a ketose.
The alpha and beta forms of D-glucopyranose can be described as
anomers.
The first step in glycolysis is phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. This action serves to:
Make glucose more polar, locking it within the cell
The end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is:
Lactic acid
Which of the following decreases the rate of glycolysis in a tissue?
Citric acid
An enzyme family called the _________ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.
Hexokinases
Under stressful conditions epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. The release of epinephrine has which of the following effects on glucose metabolism?
A) Glycogenolysis is stimulated;
B) Glycogenesis is inhibited;
C) Adenylate cyclase is activated
D) Both A and B are correct;
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
One of the early steps in glycogenesis is formation of UDP-glucose from glucose-1-phosphate and UTP according to the reaction:
Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP → UDP-glucose + PPi
One would expect this reaction to occur spontaneously if ΔG° were large and negative, but in fact, ΔG° for this reaction is nearly zero. What, then, drives the reaction?
Presence of the ubiquitous enzyme pyrophosphatase, which rapidly hydrolyzes pyrophosphate
We consume some fructose in our diet. The fructose can provide energy by:
Phosphorylation by fructokinase or hexokinase to form fructose-1-phosphate or fructose-6-phosphate and further oxidation through glycolysis
The principal products of the pentose phosphate pathway include
NADPH & Ribose-5-phosphate
During metabolism in a certain tissue, glucose is oxidized, ATP is generated, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. At the same time, CO 2 is released. The most likely type of metabolism here is:
Alcoholic fermentation
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by high concentrations of which of the following compounds?
A) Lactate;
B) Glycerol;
C) Amino acid;
D) Both A and B are correct;
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Allosteric regulation of which of the following enzymes is important in the regulation of glycolysis?
A) Hexokinase;
B) PFK-1;
C) Pyruvate kinase;
D) Both A and C are correct;
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
The presence of which of the following molecules indicates that the cell has sufficient energy reserves?
A) ATP;
B) Citrate;
C) ADP;
D) Fructose-1,6-biphosphate;
E) Both A and B are correct
Both A and B are correct
The end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is:
Lactic acid
Phosphofructokinase is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of

ATP
The process by which ATP is formed from ADP in glycolysis is referred to as
substrate-level phosphorylation
In glycolysis ________ moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose consumed.
2
Which of the following molecules can be used to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis.
A) Lactate;
B) Pyruvate;
C) Glycerol;
D) Keto acids;
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
Which of the following is the most important glucogenic amino acid?
Alanine
In the figure below the glucose-alanine cycle is shown. In this cycle the alanine is derived in the muscle from the …..…….amino acid by a …………reaction.

Pyruvate/ transamination;
In the degradative pathway major nutrients are _________ broken down, resulting in the synthesis of __________ .
exergonically; ATP
Conversion of galactose to glucose is accomplished by a(n)
Epimerase
Which of the following statements about glycogen is false?
A) Glycogen is a polymer of glucose in (14) linkages with (16) linked branches every 8–14 residues.
B) Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in skeletal muscle and liver cells.
C) UDP–glucose is produced from glycogen by the action of the enzyme phosphorylase.
D) In glycogen breakdown, glucose residues are sequentially removed from the nonreducing ends.
UDP–glucose is produced from glycogen by the action of the enzyme phosphorylase.
In which cellular location does the following reaction take place?
pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP ® oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi
mitochondrial matrix
In glycolysis ________ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed
2
In the figure below identify the enzymes catalyzing the specific reactions:

1- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 2-pyruvate kinase
What are the coenzyme forms that correspond to X and Y in the following gluconeogenic reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase?

X = NADH + H+ ,Y = NAD+
Acyl phosphates such as 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate have a ______ phosphoryl group transfer potential compared to ATP, which can be recognized by the _______ deltaG°' values for hydrolysis.
greater; more negative
The ubiquitous chemistry of acetyl-CoA is centered on its high-energy _________________ bond.

phosphothioester
Which of the following is (are) associated with cAMP binding to cAMP-dependent protein kinase A?
A)cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits
B) regulatory subunits dissociate from catalytic subunits
C) catalytic subunits phosphorylate multiple targets with specifc serines and threonines
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
In liver cells, if cAMP concentrations are high
PFK-2/FBPase-2 will function to degrade F-2,6-P, thereby enhancing gluconeogenesis & depressing glycolysis.
Which of the following enzymes converts phosphorylase b is to the more active phosphorylase a?
A)cAMP-dependent protein kinase;
B) phosphorylase kinase
C)glycogenin;
D)calmodulin
E) phosphoprotein phosphatase-1
phosphorylase kinase
Which of the following serves as the free energy sourcefor the metabolic conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate, which is catalyzed by PEP carboxykinase?
A) hydrolysis of ATP —> ADP + Pi;
B) hydrolysis of ATP —> AMP + PPi —> 2Pi
C)hydrolysis of GTP —> GDP + Pi;
D)hydrolysis of an internal phosphoanhydride
hydrolysis of GTP —> GDP + Pi;
Muscle cells are not able to supply glucose for other tissues because they do not contain which of the following enzymes?
A) debranching enzyme; B) pyruvate carboxylase; C) glucose-6-phosphatase
phosphoglucomutase; E) glycogen phosphorylase
glucose-6-phosphatase
The reaction below is catalyzed by:

Glycogen synthase
Which of the following best describes the citric acid cycle as a central pathway of metabolism?
A) It is important for recovery of energy from carbohydrates only.
B) It is important for recovery of energy from fatty acids only.
C) It is important for recovery of energy from amino acids only.
D) It is important for recovery of energy from several metabolic fuels that are broken down to acetyl-CoA.
E) Only A) and B) above
It is important for recovery of energy from several metabolic fuels that are broken down to acetyl-CoA.
The reduced coenzymes of the TCA cycle, such as FADH 2 and NADH, must pass their electrons into the electron transport chain to produce ATP, but one step of the TCA cycle yields a compound with high transfer potential that can provide energy for phosphorylation of ADP at the substrate level. What is this high-energy compound?
Succinyl CoA
You may have learned the term B amphoteric B used in general chemistry to describe a substance that could function as either an acid or a base. When we describe the TCA cycle as amphibolic, we mean that it:
Is capable of both synthetic and degradative reactions
In addition to the regulators of enzyme activity within the citric acid cycle, two enzymes outside the cycle profoundly affect its activity. Which ones?
Pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates can be converted to aspartate via transamination?
A)Citrate;
B)alpha-ketoglutarate;
C)succinate;
D) fumarate;
E)oxaloacetate
oxaloacetate
Which of the following conversions is an anaplerotic reaction of the citric acid cycle?
A) Pyruvate to oxaloacetate;
B) Ceretain amino acids to succinyl CoA;
C) Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate;
D) Aspartate to oxaloacetate;
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
NADH and NADPH are major coenzymes for oxidoreductases. While nearly equivalent in redox potential, the two coenzymes often function in different metabolic actions. In general:
NADH is often involved in degradation and NADPH in synthesis
Formation of ATP is increased by
A high ratio of ADP to ATP
If not otherwise dangerous, uncouplers would make good diet aids because:
They allow protons to pass through the mitochondrial membrane without ATP synthesis
Formation of ATP as a result of passage of electrons through the ETC is sometimes called oxidative phosphorylation because:
As substrates are oxidized, ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP
Among the important antioxidant molecules taken in with our food are:
α-Tocopherol, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid
Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory suggested that a high concentration of protons outside the mitochondrial membrane:
Generated a voltage and a protonmotive force which helped drive the ATP synthase
Branched-chain fatty acids, such as phytanic acid, are not a lost cause as sources of energy. They may be broken down by a process with begins with:
α-oxidation
The location of fatty acid oxidation is:
The mitochondrial matrix
Drugs called statins are now used to decrease plasma cholesterol levels by inhibiting the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. This step is catalyzed by:
HMG-CoA reductase
Fatty acid oxidation occurs mostly within mitochondria, but fatty acids themselves canB t easily cross the mitochondrial membrane. How do they pass?
As esters of carnitine
Fatty acid synthesis is dependent upon aggregation of dimers of acetyl-Co carboxylase to form polymers. This aggregation is slowed or prevented by:
Glucagon
Which of the following statements about the transport of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives (activated fatty acids) into the mitochondria is correct?
Only the acyl groups of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives are attached to carnitine.
The dietary fats are transported as
Chylomicons
Which statement best describes the oxidation of odd chain fatty acids?
a) Additional specific enzymes are needed for the oxidative process
b) One carbon is removed in one cycle
c) End product is propionyl co A
d) Hydroxy fatty acids are produced
End product is propionyl co A
The key regulatory enzyme of fatty acid synthesis is-
Acetyl co A carboxylase
Malonyl co A is a direct inhibitor of which enzyme of fatty acid oxidation?
Carnitine Acyl Transferase –I
Which out of the followings is the primary ketone body?
a) Acetone
b) Acetoacetate
c) Beta-hydroxy butyrate
d) Hydroxy Methyl glutarate
Acetoacetate
The key regulatory enzyme of cholesterol synthesis is-
HMG Co A reductase
Which of the following statements about triacylglycerols is correct?
Triacylglycerols are hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids.
Which of the following statements about the activation of fatty acids is correct?
Fatty acid activation requires energy in the form of ATP.
Which of the following statements about the transport of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives (activated fatty acids) into the mitochondria is correct?
a) Only the acyl groups of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives are attached to carnitine.
b) Fatty acyl-CoA derivatives can diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix because they are hydrophobic.
c) Fatty acyl-CoAs are carried into the mitochondrial matrix by a carnitine shuttle.
d) Fatty acyl-CoAs are oxidised in the mitochondrial matrix because most of the ATP generated is needed there.
Only the acyl groups of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives are attached to carnitine.
The ETC component that transfers electrons directly to oxygen is __________.

Cytochrome oxidase
During the oxidation of NADH there are several steps in which deltaEo’ is sufficient for ATP synthesis. These occur within
Complexes I, III and IV
ATP synthesis and mitochondrial electron transport are coupled by
Protonmotive force & Proton gradient
In Complex I of the ETC, the major sources of NADH include
Fatty acid oxidation & The citric acid cycle
In Complex III, electrons are tranferred from UQH2 to
Cytochrome
The final product of oxidative phosphorylation is ________.
ATP
The return of ______ into the mitochondrion is coupled to the formation of ______.
H+/ATP
The energy that is captured by the electron transport system is in the form of
NADH & FADH2
The cytochromes contain which type of prosthetic group?
Heme
The function of complex III is the transfer of electrons from
Coenzyme Q to Cyt c
How many ATP are generated during the oxidation of one NADH?
2.5
How many ATP are generated during the oxidation of one FADH2?
1.5
Which of the following are true statements about the structure of ATP synthase?
A)It has a membrane-embedded component called F0 and a component found in the matrix referred to as F1;
B) The g subunit acts as a “cam” shaft in the rotational motor;
C) The structure has a “lollipop” shape
D) A and B;
E)A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following energy sources drives the phosphate carrier that transports Pi into the mitochondria from the cytosol?
A)ATP hydrolysis
B)simultaneous transport of H+ into the mitochondrion; C)simultaneous transport of ADP into the mitochondrion; D)simultaneous transport of H+ out of the mitochondrion; E)simultaneous transport of ATP out of the mitochondrion
simultaneous transport of H+ into the mitochondrion
Which of the following statements are true about oxidative phosphorylation?
A)Electron transport provides energy to pump protons into the intermembrane space.
B)An electrochemical gradient is formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) Potassium and sodium ions form an ionic gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) A and B;
E) A, B, and C
A and B
Recognize the structures below and choose the best answer for the indicated labels:

1= coenzyme Q; 2= 1e- ; 3= coenzyme Q.- ; 4= e- + 2H+; 5= coenzymeQH2
The overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase is which of the following?
A) CH3COCHO + NAD+ + CoASH →CH3CHOSCoA + NADH
B) CH3COCOO- + FAD +CoASH →CH3CHSCoA + NADH
C) CH3COCOO- + NAD+ + CoASH →CH3COSCoA + NADH
D) CH3CH(OH)COO- + NADH + CoASH → CH3CH(OH)COSCoA + NAD+
CH3COCOO- + NAD+ + CoASH →CH3COSCoA + NADH
Which statement concerning Complex II of the electron transport chain is false?
A) This complex oxidizes FADH2 and reduces coenzyme Q.;
B) This complex includes a cytochrome heme.;
C)This complex includes Fe-S centers;
D) This complex pumps protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space;
E)This complex also oxidizes succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle.
This complex includes a cytochrome heme.
Which is the enzyme catalyzing the two steps reaction below and which is the metabolic pathway in which this reaction occurs?!

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acids synthesis
Some chemical reactions catalyzed by the multifunctional fatty acid synthase are shown below.Identify the enzymes that catalyze each of the indicated steps:

4 beta-Ketoacyl-ACP Reductase; 5 beta-Hydroxyacyl-ACP Dehydratase; 6 Enoyl-ACP Reductase
During starvation, DHAP used to synthesize triacylglycerols is provided by a simplified version of gluconeogenesis called
Ketosis
Cholesterol is a precursor to:
steroid hormones such as androgens
The _____ are synthesized from C20 fatty acids such as ______ and trigger pain and inflammation.
prostaglandins, arachidonate
Which of the following citric acid cycle intermediates can be converted to aspartate via transamination?
oxaloacetate
Place the following reaction intermediates of the citric acid cycle in chronological order. i. malate, ii fumarate, iii succinylCoA, iv citrate, v α-ketoglutarate.
Citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyCoA, Fumarate, malate
FADH2 is a product of which of the following reactions?
Succinate → Fumarate
Acetyl CoA that is consumed by the citric acid cycle is produced from which of the following biochemical pathways?
Glycolysis; Fatty acid Oxidation
The carbon skeletons of which of the following are direct precursors of amino acids?
a-Ketoglutarate; Oxaloacetate
The overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase is which of the following?
CH3COCOO- + NAD+ + CoASH à CH3COSCoA + NADH
The citric acid cycle is a component of aerobic respiration. Molecular oxygen
Is only indirectly involved in the reactions of the cycle
The main toxic effect of oxygen is due to which of the following?
ROS
The first molecule of carbon dioxide is released from which of the following compounds in the citric acid cycle?
Isocitrate
The high energy molecule produced in the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate is which of the following
ATP; GTP
Which of the following conversions is an anaplerotic reaction of the citric acid cycle?
A) Pyruvate to oxaloacetate
B) Ceretain amino acids to succinyl CoA
C) Glutamate to a-ketoglutarate
D) Aspartate to oxaloacetate
E) All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct