Exam 2 Flashcards by izzie Winston

Your moment by moment subjective experiences
Attention to surroundings
Attention to your own thoughts

Consciousness

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the raw sensory data the brain receives from the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, balance, touch and pain

Sensation

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the process of organizing, interpreting, and giving meaning to that raw data

Perception

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Where is touch perceived?

Parietal Lobe

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Where is vision perceived?

Occipital Lobe

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Where is hearing perceived?

Temporal Lobe

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Where are taste and smell perceived?

Frontal Lobe

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“where” stream

Dorsal stream

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“what” stream

Ventral stream

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a process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they receive physical or chemical stimulation

Transduction

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Where consciousness comes from

Where the mind and body are thought to be separate

Dualism

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Consciousness is your experience of brain output

your conscious is the the sum of everything your brain experiences

Global Workspace Model

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A subfield that examines our psychological experience of physical stimuli

Psychophysics

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the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation

Absolute Threshold

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Detecting a stimulus requires making a judgement about its presence or absence, based on a subjective interpretation of ambiguous information

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

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The intense sensation that an amputated body part still exists

Phantom Limb

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When sensory experiences are crossed

Synesthesia

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Types of Synesthesia

Sound/color, Taste/color, Week/color, Grapheme/color

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Grapheme-color synesthesia

numbers or letters mix with color senses

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Is synesthesia voluntary or involuntary

involuntary

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Is synesthesia automatic?

Yes

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Is synesthesia idiosyncratic?

Yes

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How do people get synesthesia?

It is inherited and sometimes environmental

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A condition in which people who are blind have some visual capacities in the absence of any visual awareness

Blindsight

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The result of certain right parietal lobe lesions that leave a patient inattentive to stimuli to her left, including the left side of her own body

Hemineglect

Deficits in the ability to recognize faces Cortical regions, even specific neurons, seem to be specialized to perceive faces and are sensitive to facial expression and gaze direction.

Prosopagnosia

The ability to focus on certain stimuli

Attention

The inability to see an object or person in our midst

Inattentional Blindness

A failure to notice large changes in one's environment

Change Blindness

The nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge

Memory

Explicit Memory

Consciousness

Implicit Memory

Revealed by indirect tests

Eposodic Memory (Part of Explicit Memory)

Memory for specific events

Somantic Memory (Part of Explicit Memory)

General knowledge, not tied to any time or place

Procedural Memory (Part of Implicit Memory)

Knowing how (Memory for skills)

Priming (Part of Implicit Memory)

Changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience

Perceptual Learning (Part of Implicit Memory)

Re-calibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience

Classical Conditioning (Part of Implicit Memory)

Learning about associations among stimuli

Location working memory

Prefrontal Cortex

Location declarative memory

Temporal Lobe

Location fear learning

Amygdala

Location motor action learning and memory

Cerebellum

Location spacial memory

Hippocampus

Active processing system: keeps different types of information available for current use (ex. images, sounds, ideas) - limited capacity - Short duration

Working Memory

Just heard items can be retrieved directly from working memory

Recency Effect

Early items receive more rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred to long term storage

Primacy Effect

A relatively permanent, virtually limitless store

Long-Term Memory

A process by which immediate memories become lasting (or long term) memories. New connections are formed among neurons, connections strengthened

Consolidation of Memories

Neural process involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval

Reconsolidation of Memories

The processing of information so it can be stored

Encoding

The retention of encoded representations over time

Storage

The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on day 1 the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on day 2

Ebbinghaus

Encoding meaning results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding. (The encoding of meaning)

Semantic Encoding

A unique and highly emotional moment can give rise to clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulb memory, though this memory is not free from errors

Flashbulb Memory

Disrupts memory for experiences before the injury, accident, or disease that triggered the amnesia (The Vow)

Retrograde amnesia

Disrupts memory for experiences after the injury or disease (50 first dates)

Anterograde amnesia

A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories

Hippocampus

A neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories

Cerebellum

The act of recalling or remembering stored info when it is needed

Retrieval

Inability to retrieve information, due to poor encoding, storage or retrieval

Forgetting

Old material interferes with the retrieval of material learned more recently

Proactive Interference

Recently learned material interferes with the retrieval of material learned earlier

Retroactive Interference

Although the information is retained in the memory store it cannot be accessed

Retrieval Failure

A retrieval failure phenomenon, given a cue the subject can think of what a word begins with

Tip of the Tongue (TOT)

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Misinformation Effect

If false memories are implanted in individuals, they construct their memories

Constructed Memories

Reduced memory over time (type of forgetting)

Transience

Inability to remember needed information (type of forgetting)

Blocking

Reduced memory due to failing to pay attention (type of forgetting)

Absenmindedness

The resurgence of unwanted or disturbing memories that we would like to forget (type=undesirable)

Persistence

Assigning a memory to the wrong source (type of distortion)

Misattribution

Influence of current knowledge on our memory for past events (type of distortion)

Bias

Altering a memory because of misleading information (type of distortion)

Suggestibility

Hemisphere better with language

left

Hemisphere better with spacial relationships

right

- ensures conscious experience makes sense | - in the left hemisphere

The interpreter

Alert Wakefulness

beta waves

Just before sleep

alpha waves

Stage 1 of Sleep

Theta waves

Stage 2 of Sleep

sleep spindles and k

Stages 3 and 4 of Sleep

delta waves

Last Stage of sleep

REM rapid eye movement

Non-Rem Sleep

deactivation of many brain regions

Rem Sleep

brain structures associated with motivation, emotion, reward and vision are active pre-frontal cortex is not

Activation Synthesis Theory

Dreams are random brain activity mistaken for sensory input and your mind makes a story

Evolved Threat-Rehearsal Theory

Dreams stimulate threatening events and help us cope

Restorative theory

Sleep allows body to rest and repair itslem

Circadian Rhythm Theory

Sleep evolved to keep animals safe during dangerous times

The idea that sleep strengthens neural connections needed for learning to occur

Facilitation of learning

a relatively enduring change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience

Learning

A basic form of learning involving learning to associate one event with another

Associative Learning

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed again

Operant/Instrumental Conditioning

A pleasant event that follows an operant response and increases the likelihood that it will happen again

Positive reinforcement

Strengthens a given response by removing an aversive stimuli

Negative reinforcement

A form of learnin in which one stimulus is paired with another so that the organism learns the relationship between the stimuli

Classical Conditioning

Exam 2 Flashcards

(95 cards)