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Psych 001 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

2 types of representations that thinking involves

A
  1. Analogical

2. Symbolic

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2
Q

Analogical representation

A

Image of what it is

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3
Q

Symbolic representation

A

The concept of what it is

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4
Q

Concept

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

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5
Q

Reasoning

A

Using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

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6
Q

Decision making

A

Attempting to select the best alternative among several options

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7
Q

Problem solving

A

Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

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8
Q

Decision making

A

Identifying the best available solution among options

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9
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype

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10
Q

Availability heuristic

A

This involves judging the probability of events by the readiness with which they come to mind

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11
Q

Heuristic

A

Strategy for making judgments quickly at the price of occasional mistakes

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12
Q

Algorithm

A

Methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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13
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object

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14
Q

Mental Set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past

Set can sometimes be overcome by working backwards from the goal or finding an analogy

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15
Q

Insight

A

involves sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem

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16
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

Language determines the way one thinks

Language conveys information and this influences thought

Suggests that our use of words can influence or even guide thought process

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17
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or gestured word, it is the way we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

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18
Q

Babbling stage

A

At 4 months infants spontaneously utter various sounds

It is not imitation of adult speech

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19
Q

One word stage

A

By a child’s first birthday they can speak one word at a time

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20
Q

Two word stage

A

Before turning 2 a child starts to speak in 2 word sentences

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21
Q

Over-regularization errors

A

There is evidence that children don’t learn language by imitation: they learn rules

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22
Q

Operant Learning

A

Language development can be explained by learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement (Skinner)

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23
Q

Inborn Universal Grammar

A

The rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it was inborn

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24
Q

Isolated Children and language

A

Normal language development occurs as long as language is learning begins during a sensitive period

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25
Gestured Communication
It is possible that vocal speech developed from gestures during the course of evolution. Animals and humans use this
26
General Intelligence (Spearman)
The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence
27
A mental attribute that is hypothesized as contributing to the performance of virtually any intellectual task
General intelligence (g)
28
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale designed by David Wechsler to measure intelligence
29
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
30
What does an intelligence test need to be acceptable?
1. Validity 2. Reliability 3. Standardization
31
People with high IQ scores tend to
- earn more money during their lifetime - have higher prestige careers - live longer
32
Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, particularly in novel or complex circumstances
``` Fluid intelligence (declines with age) ```
33
Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge one acquires through experience and the ability to use that knowledge
``` Crystallized intelligence (does not decline with age) ```
34
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Intelligence is based on analytic intelligence, practical intelligence, and creative intelligence
35
Type of intelligence that involves being good at problem solving, completing analogies, figuring out puzzles, and other academic challenges
Analytic Intelligence | part of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
36
Type of intelligence that involves the ability to gain insight and solve novel problems
Creative Intelligence | part of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
37
Type of intelligence the refers to dealing with everyday tasks, such as knowing whether a parking space large enough for your vehicle, being a good judge of people, being an effective leader, and so on
Practical Intelligence | part of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
38
A well developed knowledge base
Expertise
39
The ability to see things in novel ways
Imaginative thinking
40
Seeks new experiences rather than following the pack
A venturesome personality
41
Motivated to be creative from within
Intrinsic motivation
42
Creativity blooms in creative and supportive environment
A creative environment
43
In the past several decades, intelligence scores have steadily risen by an average of 27 points
Flynn Effect
44
A syndrome in a developmentally disabled person who has some remarkable talent contrasting with his low level of general intelligence
Savant Syndrome
45
The ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions (Salovey)
Emotional Intelligence
46
Recognize emotions in faces, music and stories
Perceive Emotion
47
Predict emotions, how they change and blend
Understand Emotion
48
Express emotions in different situations
Manage Emotion
49
Utilize emotions to adapt or be creative
Use Emotion
50
Schooling is an experience that pays dividends, which is reflected in intelligence scores. Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores
Schooling Effects
51
Have a small advantage in some tasks requiring visuospatial reasoning
Men
52
Have a small advantage in some verbal tasks
Women
53
Differences in intelligence among racial groups is largely environmental, as if one environment was more fertile to develop these abilities than another
Environmental Effects
54
Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Stereotype threat
55
Studying the life cycle, from conception to death, examining how we develop physically, cognitively, and socially
Developmental Psychology
56
The idea of which of our traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?
Stability vs. Change
57
Question of, Is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?
Continuity vs. Stages
58
What is the earliest age of conscious memory
Around three and a half years old
59
In humans, growth and brain maturation continue: A) Not at all after birth B) Shortly after birth C) Long after birth
C) Long after birth
60
A form of primitive bonding seen in some species of animals
Imprinting
61
(fill in the blanks) | Harlow showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of (blank) and not because of (blank).
bodily contact nourishment
62
Emotional tie with another person
Attachment
63
Infants begin to feel separation anxiety around how long after birth
6 to 8 months
64
What happens with children who express secure attachment?
They are able to explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When the mother leaves, they show distress (opposed to insecure attachments)
65
According to Piaget, in this stage of development children begin to differentiate self from objects
Sensorimotor | birth - 2 years
66
According to Piaget, in this stage of development children learn to use language and to represent objects with images and words
Preoperational | 2 - 7 years
67
According to Piaget, in this stage of development children can think logically about concrete objects
Concrete Operational | 7 - 12 years
68
According to Piaget, iIn this stage of development children can think logically about abstract propositions
Formal Operational | 12 years and up
69
What is significant about the Theory of Mind
Preschoolers develop the ability to understand other's mental states when they begin forming theory of mind
70
Central route of persuasion
process of attitude change when evidence and arguments are carefully evaluated
71
Peripheral route of persuasion
process of attitude change relying on superficial factors
72
What is another word for intergroup contact and cooperation
prejudice
73
cognitive dissonance
people changing their attitudes to bring them into line with their behavior. Uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior
74
justification of effort
newly accepted members of a group value group membership more if their initiation was harsh
75
What is situational attribution and what does is lead to when negative behavior is involved?
Attributing factors outside of someone's control to their behavior. Leads to tolerant reaction
76
What is dispositional attribution and what does it lead to when negative behavior is involved?
Focuses on factors internal to the person. Leads to unfavorable reaction.
77
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the situation in analyzing the behaviors of others
78
Stereotypes
schemas that are often negative and used to categorize groups of people
79
Normative influence
people's desire to not appear foolish
80
informational influence
people's desire to be right
81
Obedience to an authority figure is more likely if
If individuals believe that they are not ultimately responsible
82
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
83
Prosocial Behavior
acting for the benefit of others
84
Altruism
helping when it is needed without any apparent reward for doing so
85
Bystander effect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
86
Four reasons for bystander effect
1. Diffusion of responsibility 2. people fear making social blunders 3. people are less likely when they are anonymous and can remain so 4. people weigh the costs versus the benefits of helping
87
Halo effect
tendency to assume that people who have one good trait also have other good traits
88
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
being overly critical holding the partner in contempt being defensive mentally withdrawing from the relationship

Psych 001 (4 decks)

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