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Psychology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a CAT Scan?

A

It is a cross-section imaging of the brain from X-rays

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2
Q

What is lesioning?

A

Cutting a part of the brain part off to study

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3
Q

How does an MRI operate?

A

With magnets to sketch out parts of the brain

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4
Q

What is the function of an MRI?

A

To produce high resolution pictures of the brain

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5
Q

What is the function of a PET?

A

Demonstrate the chemical activity of the brain through imaging

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6
Q

What are three ways the brain is “plastic”?

A

1) Experience can sculpt brain structure
2) Neuron reorganization if brain tissue destroyed or damaged
3) Adult brain can generate new` neurons

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7
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the nervous system?

A

Branch of autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resource’s for emergencies

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

A

Branch of autonomous nervous system that generally conserves bodily functions

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9
Q

What is an example of what the sympathetic nervous system does?

A

Fight-or-Flight

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10
Q

What is the Left Hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

Language

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11
Q

What is the Right Hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

Visual spatial tasks

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12
Q

What is contralaterality?

A

One side of the brain controls the movement of the opposite side of the body

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13
Q

What does TMS measure?

A

The connection between muscle and brain

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14
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

Monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

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15
Q

What type of process is sensation?

A

Bottom Up Processing

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16
Q

What is sensation?

A

The stimulation of sense organs

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17
Q

What is perception?

A

The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

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18
Q

Is delusion a perception or sensation?

A

A perception

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19
Q

What type of process is perception?

A

Top Down Processing

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20
Q

What are the stages of Bottom Up Processing?

A

Detect specific features of stimulus
Combine specific features into more complex forms
Recognize Stimulus

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21
Q

What are the stages of Top Down Processing?

A

Formulate perceptual hypothesis about nature of stimulus
Select and examine features to check hypothesis
Recognize stimulus

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22
Q

Is hallucination a perception or sensation?

A

A sensation

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23
Q

What is Capgras Syndrome?

A

Form of delusion, when somebody believe people in their life are replaced by doubles

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24
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

The failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display because one’s attention is focused elsewhere

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25
What is a reversible figure?
Figures in what is figural and what is background can be switched depending on where attention is
26
What are the Gestalt Cues?
``` Figure and Ground Proximity Closure Similarity Simplicity Continuity ```
27
What is figure and ground?
People break images down to a figure and a background
28
What is proximity?
things near each other are assumed to be grouped together
29
What is closure?
To "complete" figures with gaps in them
30
What is similarity?
People tend to group stimuli together
31
What is simplicity?
To group elements that combine to form a "good figure"
32
What is continuity?
People tend to follow in any direction they've been led
33
What process do Gestalt Cues follow?
Top Down Processing
34
What are the symptoms of Autism?
Impaired Intelligence Memory Weak Central Coherence Savant Skills
35
What is weak central coherence?
Having trouble thinking and perceiving things hollistically
36
What are Binocular Depth Cues?
Clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes
37
What is Retinal Disparity?
objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the same object
38
What are monocular depth cues?
Cues about distance based on the image in either eye alonge
39
What are pictorial depth cues?
Cues about distance that can given in a flat picture
40
What are the different pictorial depth cues?
``` Linear Perspective Texture Gradients Interposition Relative Size Height in Plane Light and Shadow ```
41
What is linear perspective?
Tool used to add distance by lines converging in the distance
42
What is Visual Illusion?
The apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality
43
What was the Visual Cliff experiment?
Babies would crawl over transparent surface to test if depth perception was inherent
44
What was the result of the Visual Cliff experiment?
It takes time to gain depth perspective, around 8 months
45
What are Circadian Rhythms?
24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
46
What body parts determine the Biological Clock?
The Retina, Hypothalamus, and Pineal Gland
47
What is Jet Lag a result of?
The result of Circadian rhythms out of sync
48
What is a zeitgeber
An external or environmental cue that syncs the biological clock to that of the earth's
49
What are the different EEG patterns?
Beta Alpha Theta Delta
50
How are Beta waves characterized?
Normal waking thought, the highest frequency
51
How are Alpha waves characterized?
Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation, 2nd highest frequency
52
How are Theta waves characterized?
Light sleep, 2nd lowest frequency
53
How are Delta waves characterized?
Deep sleep, lowest frequency
54
What stages comprise slow-wave sleep?
Stages 3 and 4
55
What do the brain waves of REM resemble?
The brain waves are the same as when awake, Beta
56
What stage of sleep do people usually dream?
REM
57
What is REM sleep characterized by?
Irregular breathing and pulse rate, minimal body movement, and difficulty being awaken
58
What is insomnia?
Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
59
What are the symptoms of insomnia?
Difficulty falling asleep Difficulty remaining asleep Persistent early morning awakening
60
What is narcolepsy?
Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep
61
What is sleep apnea?
Frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
62
What might sleep apnea lead to?
Hypertension, coronary disease, and stroke
63
What is somnambulism?
Another term for sleepwalking
64
When is sleepwalking most likely to occur?
During the first 3 hours of sleep, low wave sleep
65
What is REM behavior disorder?
Loss of atonia during REM sleep resulting in motor activity associated with dreaming, frequently violent, occurs later half of the night more prevalent with age
66
What are the three dream theories?
Wish Fulfillment Problem solving Activision-Synthesis Model
67
What dream theory did Freud develop?
Wish Fulfillment
68
Who developed the Problem Solving theory of dreaming?
Cartwright
69
What dream theory did Hobson develop?
Activision-Synthesis Model
70
What is the Activision-Synthesis Model?
The result of the cortex trying to make sense of brain activity
71
What is manifest content?
The literal subject of a dream
72
What is manifest content?
The underlying meaning of symbols in dreams
73
What is cataplexy?
Complete loss of muscle tone, the primary symptom of narcolepsy
74
What is the definition of hypnosis?
A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
75
What are the effects of hypnosis?
Reclining posture Muscular relaxation Optical fixation
76
What are some of the goals of hypnosis?
Management of pain Disinhibition Get rid of bad habits
77
What is the definition of meditation?
family of practices that train attention to heightened awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
78
What are the two types of meditation?
Focused attention | Open monitoring
79
What is the purpose of focused attention?
To clear the mind of clutter
80
What is the purpose of open monitoring?
To become aware of own sensations, thoughts, and feelings
81
What part of the brain is especially active during meditation?
The frontal cortex
82
What does meditation do to the body?
Lowers blood pressure, stress hormones, anxiety, depression, and helps with the management of pain
83
What does glutamate do?
Increases brain activity
84
What neurotransmitters are increased by amphetamines?
Norephedrine and dopamin
85
What parts of the brain are affected by alcohol?
Prefrontal cortex Cerebellum Hypothalamus Medulla
86
What results from alcohol affecting the prefrontal cortex?
Make worse decisions
87
What results from alcohol affecting the Hypothalamus?
Reduced nerve center activity, sexual desire and performance
88
What results from alcohol affecting the medulla?
Suppresses activities like breathing and sleeping

Psychology 101 (4 decks)

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