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Psychology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

The tendency to perceive objects in only it’s intended use

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2
Q

What is a mental set?

A

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

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3
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

A guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions

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4
Q

What is the incubation effect?

A

When new solutions surface to previously unsolved problems after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem

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5
Q

What is the theory of bounded rationality?

A

People tend to use simple strategies that focus on a few facets of available information and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal`

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6
Q

What are the factors of bounded rationality?

A

Limited information
Limited capacity
Limited time

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7
Q

What is the deliberation without attention affect?

A

When people are dealt with complex choices or decisions, they are more satisfied the less they devote attention

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8
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

The estimated probability of an event based on the case with which relevant instances come to mind

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9
Q

What is representative heuristic?

A

It involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event

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10
Q

What is conjunction fallacy?

A

When people estimate that the odds of two thing happening together are greater than the odds of either event occurring alone.

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11
Q

What is the simulation heuristic?

A

If people base the probability of an event based on the ease of generating alternative scenarios.

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12
Q

What did Alfred Binet come up with?

A

Binet came up with mental age

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13
Q

What were the tests for mental age based on?

A

Mathematical and verbal skills

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14
Q

What did Lewis Terman do?

A

He incorporated Binet’s mental age tests with the intelligence quotient

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15
Q

Who created the “intelligence quotient”?

A

William Stern

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16
Q

What did David Wechsler do?

A

He created the first IQ test for adults.

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17
Q

What is the Reaction Range?

A

It is the genetically determined limits on IQ

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18
Q

What parts of the brain is intelligence related to?

A

The Prefrontal Lobe, Broca’s area, and Wernicke’s area

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19
Q

What is encoding?

A

Forming a memory code

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20
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

Relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

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21
Q

What is accoustic encoding?

A

Intermediate processing, based on what a word sounds like

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22
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Deep processing, based on the meaning of verbal input

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23
Q

What is the levels-of-processing theory?

A

Deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes

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24
Q

What is elaboration?

A

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

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25
What is the dual-coding theory?
Memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since both may lead to recall
26
What is sensory memory?
Preservation of information in original sensory form for a brief time (1/4 of a second)
27
How long does Short Term Memory usually last for?
20 seconds
28
What is working memory?
The modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information
29
What is a schema?
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
30
What is source monitoring?
Process of making inferences about the origin of memory
31
What is the interference theory?
People forget information because of competition from other material
32
What is retrograde amnesia?
When a person forgets the events that happen prior to injury
33
What is anterograde amnesia?
When a person forgets the events that occur after an injury
34
What part of the brain is at least partially responsible for memory?
The hippocampus
35
What is consolidation?
It is the hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
36
What is the explicit (declarative) memory system?
Factual information
37
What is another name of the implicit (nondeclaritive) memory system?
Procedural memory
38
What is procedural memory?
Memory system that stores memories of actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memory (muscle memory)
39
What is the Method of Loci?
Taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where there are images of items to be remembered and associated with in certain locations.
40
What did Ebbinghaus's research in forgetting find?
That majority of memorized information was forgotten after 8 to 9 hours, but after that very little of the information still learned was forgotten
41
What was a problem with Ebbinghaus's research?
He used nonsense syllables, which is significantly harder to remember because memory is often bolstered by experience
42
What is Hyperthymesia?
When someone remembers everything that ever happened to them
43
If someone has Hyperthymesia what parts of their brain may be enlarged?
Temporal Lobe and the Hippocampus
44
What is the capacity of STM?
7 +/- 2 items
45
What is working memory capacity?
One's ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention
46
What happened in the experiment of Brewer and Treyens?
People saw photograph of office, remembered items that weren't there because they assumed they would be due to schema
47
What is semantic memory?
Remembering facts, concepts, and names
48
What is episodic memory?
Both Retrospective and prospective memory
49
What types of memory are considered explicit?
Semantic and episodic memory
50
What are the different retrieval cues?
Environmental Reinstatement effect State dependent memory Mood congruent memory
51
What is the environmental reinstatement effect?
People learn information better if they physically return to the place where they learned.
52
What is the state dependent memory effect?
Emotional context, tend to best remember things when in emotional or physiological state in which the information was learned or experienced
53
What is the mood dependent memory effect?
It enhances memory to be in the same mood or emotional tone at which information was first processed
54
What study did we go over in class had to do with the misinformation effect?
The study when people were asked if they remembered meeting Bugs Bunny in Disney World, even though that is impossible.
55
What is Type I punishment?
Giving somebody something to stop behavior
56
What is Type II punishment?
The removal of something enjoyable to curb behavior
57
What is an example covered in class about positive reinforcement?
Sheldon giving Penny chocolate for good behavior in Big Bang Theory
58
What is vicarious conditioning?
Learning by seeing the experiences of others
59
What were the results of the Bobo doll study?
Children that saw aggressive behavior toward doll without repercussions were even more aggressive, those that saw punishment didn't act the same way
60
What is the Psychometric approach to intelligence?
There is either crystallized or fluid intelligance
61
What is crystallized intelligence?
It is the fund of knowledge, the information that is currently possesed
62
What is fluid intelligence?
It is a person's problem solving skills
63
What is Sternberg's theory of intelligence called?
Triarchical Theory
64
What are the three types of intelligence of the Triarchical Theory?
Analytical Creative Practical
65
What theory of intelligence did Gardner create?
The Multiple Intelligence Theory
66
What are the types of intelligence according to the Multiple Intelligence Theory?
``` Linguistic Logical/Mathematical Spatial Musical Body/Kinesthetic Interpersonal Interpersonal Naturalistic ```
67
What is operant conditioning?
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
68
Who pioneered research on operant conditioning?
Skinner
69
What type of reinforcement is harder to distinguish?
Intermittent Reinforcement
70
What are intervals based on?
Time
71
What are ratios based on?
The number of responses
72
What is the neurotransmitter most commonly associated with memory?
Acetycholine
73
How much of intelligence is based on environmental factors?
Somewhere between 20-30%
74
What is "g"?
It stands for general intelligence, it is a factor in calculating intelligence founded by Spearman
75
What did Jensen claim?
He claimed that the reason for differences in IQ among the races was heredity, different races were naturally less intelligant
76
What was the "Bell Curve"?
The Bell Curve was a book that backed up Jensen that claimed that there must have been some sort of heretical reasoning for variation in IQ
77
What is the Flynn Effect?
The standards to score the mean on IQ tests has increased over the generations
78
What is the correlation of IQ on school success?
Around 70%
79
What is the correlation of IQ on having high status jobs?
37%
80
What is the correlation of IQ on income?
21%

Psychology 101 (4 decks)

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