Exam 2

Question 1

What stabilizes the alveoli?

Answer 1

liquid surface tension

Question 2

Tidal Volume

Answer 2

amount of air inhaled and exhaled on a normal breath

Dead Space Ventilation + Alveolar Ventilation

Question 3

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 3

portion that contributes to gas exchange

Question 4

Types of Dead space

Answer 4

physiologic, anatomical, alveolar, aparatus

Question 5

Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 5

volume of gas remaining in the lungs after normal expiration

Question 6

Causes for dec. FRC

Answer 6

atelactasis, inc. thoracic/abdominal blood volume, loss of diaphragm tone

Question 7

Hypoxia

Answer 7

abnormally low partial pressure of O2 in tissue

Question 8

Hypoxemia

Answer 8

abnormally low partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood

Question 9

Types of Hypoxia

Answer 9

Hypoxic, anemic, circulatory, histotoxic

Question 10

Hypoxia: Ventilation and Perfusion (V/Q) Mismatch - Types

Answer 10

Blood w/o Air (low V/Q)

Air w/o Blood (high V/Q)

Question 11

Low V/Q: Causes

Answer 11

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, atelectasis

Question 12

High V/Q: Causes

Answer 12

pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 13

Hypoxia: Anatomical Shunt

Answer 13

Abnormal Vascular connection between oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood

Question 14

How does Left-to-Right shunts become Right-to-Left shunts?

Answer 14

Pressure builds in the right ventricle/pulmonary artery until it is greater than the left ventricle/aorta

Question 15

Hypoxia: Diffusion Impairment

Answer 15

thickening of tissue, dec. area

Question 16

Hypoxia: Low Partial Pressure of inspired O2 - Causes

Answer 16

high altitude, interrupted anesthesia machine

Question 17

Brachycephalic Syndrome

Answer 17

stenotic nares, enlarged tonsils, elongated soft palate

Question 18

Brachycephalic Syndrome: Results

Answer 18

high resistance to breathing, respiratory muscle fatigue form hyperventilation, hypoxia, respiratory arrest

Question 19

Equine Post-op obstruction

Answer 19

nasal edema => obstruction in horses anesthetized form > 1-2hrs

Question 20

Laryngeal Paralysis

Answer 20

denervation of recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 21

Laryngeal Paralysis: Results

Answer 21

inc. upper airway resistance, inc. inspiratory effort, dyspnea, syncope, hypoxia

Question 22

Poiseuille’s Law

Answer 22

dec. radius = inc. resistance

Question 23

Reynold’s Law

Answer 23

inc. turbulance = inc. difficulty of flow (breathing)

Question 24

Atelectasis

Answer 24

airlessness of lung => alveolar collapse

Question 25

Mechanisms keeping the lungs expanded

Answer 25

transpulmonary pressure, tethering of surrounding structures, surfactant, gaseous N skeleton

Question 26

Atlelectasis: Causes

Answer 26

compression, airway obstruction, inadequate expansion, fluid accumulation, trauma

Question 27

Pleural Space Dz: Examples

Answer 27

Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia, neoplasm

Question 28

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 28

accumulation of extravascular fluid within parenchyma or alveoli

Question 29

Pruritis: Triggers

Answer 29

allergens, bacteria, yeast, irritants, psyche, temperature, humidity, hormones

Question 30

Pruritis: Types

Answer 30

Skin Dz, Systemic Dz, Neuropathic Dz, Psychogenic Dz

Question 31

Causes of Pruritis in Dogs: Allergies

Answer 31

Fleas, Atopic dermatitis, food, insect bites

Question 32

Causes of Pruritis in Dogs: Ectoparasites

Answer 32

sarcoptes, deomodex, cheyletiella, lice, chiggers

Question 33

Causes of Pruritis in Dogs: Infections

Answer 33

pyoderma, yeast, dermatophytes

Question 34

Feline Skin Lesions: Types

Answer 34

Bilaterally symetric, miliary dermatitis, eosinophilic granuloma

Question 35

Causes of Pruritis in Cats: Allergy

Answer 35

flea, atopy, food

Question 36

Causes of Pruritis in Cats: Ectoparasites

Answer 36

notoedres, demodex, cheyletiella, ear mites, fur mites

Question 37

Causes of Pruritis in Cats: Infections

Answer 37

pyoderma, yeast, dermatophytes

Question 38

Phases of the hair cycle

Answer 38

anagen -> catagen -> telogen

Question 39

Hair types

Answer 39

Primary - coarse, stiff Secondary/down - finer, grows superficially Sinus - whiskers Tylotrich - rapid adapting mechanoreceptors

Question 40

Post clipping alopeica

Answer 40

failure to regrow hair after shaving (>6mo)

Question 41

What is diagnosed with a trichogram?

Answer 41

Endocrine disorder (all telogen), pruritis (cut hairs), mites, melanin

Question 42

DDX for non-pruritic alopecia: Inflammatory

Answer 42

folliculitis, injection rxn, infection

Question 43

DDx for non-pruritic alopeica: Non-Inflammatory

Answer 43

endocrine, alopecia X, folicular dysplasias

Question 44

Phases of Wound Healing

Answer 44

Inflammation, proliferation, maturation

Question 45

Inflammatory Phase: Major Players

Answer 45

Platelets, neutorphils, monocytes

Question 46

Proliferative Phase: Major Players

Answer 46

Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

Question 47

Inflammatory phase: Function

Answer 47

Clotting and debridement

Question 48

Proliferative Phase: Function

Answer 48

angeogenesis, collagen formation, epithelialization

Question 49

Maturation Phase: Funciton

Answer 49

remodeling and strengthening

Question 50

Wound Management: Types

Answer 50

Primary wound closure (1st intention), Delayed primary closure, 2nd Intention, Secondary Closure

Question 51

Primary Wound Closure

Answer 51

appositional wound healing

Question 52

When is Primary wound closure used?

Answer 52

surgical and clean wounds with no tension

Question 53

Delayed Primary Closure

Answer 53

appostional closure before granulation tissue forms, but not the same day as injury

Question 54

When is Delayed primary closure used?

Answer 54

mildly contaminated wounds

Question 55

2nd Intention Healing

Answer 55

epithelializational closing (left to heal on their own)

Question 56

When is 2nd intention healing used?

Answer 56

highly contaminated

Question 57

Secondary Closure

Answer 57

appositional closure after granulation tissue forms

Question 58

GI Healing: Factors

Answer 58

Good blood supply, accurate apposition, minimal surgical trauma

Question 59

Relative Healing times

Answer 59

Bladder > Stomach > SI > LI > Skin