Final

Question 1

What is Heart Failure?

Answer 1

insufficient cardiac output

Question 2

Sympathetic response to ACUTE dec. in cardiac output

Answer 2

+ inotrope, + chronotrope, vasoconstriction

Question 3

Endocrine response to CHRONIC dec. in cardiac output

Answer 3

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system => inc. circulatory volume and venous return

Question 4

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Sympathetic Response => results

Answer 4

inc. peripheral resistance => inc. effort;
inc. HR => dec. diastole;
dec. cardiac output + RAAS => pulmonary edema

Question 5

Chronic Valve Dz: Cause

Answer 5

failure of valve => regurgitation

Question 6

Chronic Valve Dz: Sympathetic Response => Results

Answer 6

Na + water retention => inc. preload => pulmonary edema;

angioconstriction => inc. aortic resistance => inc. regurgitation

Question 7

Hypertorphy: Causes

Answer 7

tension in heart muscle, angiotensin II (supports but not improves)

Question 8

Hypertrophy: Types

Answer 8

Pressure Overload, Volume Overload

Question 9

What type of hypertrophy is seen with Pressure Overload?

Answer 9

Concentric Hypertrophy

Question 10

What form of hypertrophy is seen with Volume Overload?

Answer 10

Eccentric Hypertrophy

Question 11

What the difference between Concentric and Eccentric hypertrophy?

Answer 11

Concentric => inc. myocyte size;

Eccentric => inc. in myocyte length

Question 12

Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure: Results

Answer 12

Hypotension => inc. HR, pulse weakness, syncope, azotemia;

Pulmonary Edema => dyspnea, tachypnea, exorcise intolerance, cyanosis

Question 13

Right Sided Congestive Heart Failure: Results

Answer 13

General edema

Question 14

Cardiac Cachexia: Results

Answer 14

anorexia, immobility, congestion of GI, hyperventilation

Question 15

Upper Motor Neuron Signs

Answer 15

paralysis, normal/accentuated reflexes, normal/inc. muscle tone, min. muscle atrophy

Question 16

Lower Motor Neuron Signs

Answer 16

Parlysis, a/hypoflexia, muscular hypotonia, rapid muscle atrophy

Question 17

Order of declining Mental status

Answer 17

Alert -> depression -> stupor -> coma

Question 18

Major types of Vascular Shunts

Answer 18

Arterio-venous and Portosystemic

Question 19

What is an Arterio-venous fistula/malformation?

Answer 19

direct communication between artery and vein that bypasses capillary bed

Question 20

Arterio-venous Fistula/Malformation: Etiology

Answer 20

congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic

Question 21

AV Fistula: Most Common Site

Answer 21

Liver

Question 22

AV Fistula: Pathophysiology

Answer 22

Inc. CO, HR, absolute blood volume;

Dec. total peripheral resistance

Question 23

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Answer 23

blood in the aorta re-enters pulmonary circulation

Question 24

What is Ventricular Septal Defect?

Answer 24

hole in the wall between the 2 ventricles

Question 25

What is Eisenmenger Syndrome?

Answer 25

inc. pulmonary circulation => pulmonary hypertension; | reversal of flow through shunt.

Question 26

Portosystemic Shunts: Types

Answer 26

Congenital, acquired, portal vein hypoplasia/atresia, hepatic arteriovenous malformations

Question 27

What is an Extrahepatic shunt?

Answer 27

blood flow completely bypasses liver

Question 28

What is an Intrahepatic Shunt?

Answer 28

portal vein branch communicates directly with hepatic vein branch

Question 29

Portal Vein Hypoplasia: Forms

Answer 29

Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension, Portal vein hypoplasia-microvascular dysplasia

Question 30

Portosystemic Shunts: Results

Answer 30

hypoglycemia, hyoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, hypokalemia, dec. clotting factors, stunted growth, hyperammonemia

Question 31

Pre-hepatic Liver Dz: Causes

Answer 31

hemolysis w/ hypoxia, necrosis, microthrombi mediated hepatopathy

Question 32

Hepatic Liver Dz: Causes

Answer 32

toxin, infection, immune-mediated, Cu storrage

Question 33

Post-hepatic Liver Dz: Causes

Answer 33

obstruction, tumor

Question 34

Liver Function Tests

Answer 34

ammonia tolerance test, bile acid stimulation test

Question 35

Growth Hormone: Functions

Answer 35

growth, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, carb metabolism

Question 36

Growth Hormone: Stimulants

Answer 36

hypoglycemia, trauma, stress, exercise, gonadotropins, deep sleep, GHRH

Question 37

Growth Hormone: Inhibitors

Answer 37

Hyperglycemia, aging, obesity, GHIH, somatomedins

Question 38

Growth Hormone: Abnormalities

Answer 38

Pituitary Dwarfism, acromegaly (secretory tumor)

Question 39

GI Obstruction: Signs

Answer 39

pain, distention, tympany, dec. motility, dehydration, vomiting/NG reflux (horse)