Exam 2

Question 1

What are the six layers of gray matter?

Answer 1

Molecular, External Granular, External Pyramidal, Internal Granular, Internal Pyramidal, and Multiform.
Think: Molecular, External G&P, Internal G&P and Multiform

Question 2

What type of cells are housed in the six layers of gray matter?

Answer 2

pyramidal cells, stellate cells, fusiform cells, horizontal cells of Cajal, and cells of martinotti

Question 3

Axons with radial fibers run at what angle to the cortical surface? With tangential fibers?

Answer 3

Right angle.

Parallel to the cortical surface

Question 4

Clustered vertical columns are called what?

Answer 4

Functionally specialized areas

Question 5

Functionally specialized areas are group together into what larger anatomically and functionally distinct areas?

Answer 5

Lobes or cortices (eg occipital lobe and visual cortex)

Question 6

What connects lobes and cortices with other areas?

Answer 6

Functional circuits

Question 7

What do functional circuits require to connect them?

Answer 7

White matter pathways.

Question 8

What are the three white matter pathway categories?

Answer 8

Association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

Question 9

What are the five functional areas of the cortex?

Answer 9

Primary sensory, sensory association, motor planning, primary motor, and association cortices

Question 10

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 10

post central gyrus

Question 11

What cortices provide somatic sensation?

Answer 11

Primary somatosensory and Somatosensory association cortices

Question 12

What cortices provide visual sensation?

Answer 12

Primary visual and visual association cortices

Question 13

Where are Primary visual and visual association cortices located?

Answer 13

Primary visual: cuneus and lingual gyri.

Visual association cortices: medial and lateral occipital gyri, and angular gyrus

Question 14

What cortices provide auditory sensation?

Answer 14

Primary auditory cortex located in the transverse temporal gyri.
Auditory association cortex located in the superior temporal gyrus

Question 15

What cortex provides olfactory sensation?

Answer 15

The primary olfactory cortex.

Question 16

What does the primary olfactory cortex consist of?

Answer 16

Uncus, piriform cortex, the periamygdaloid, and part of the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 17

What can lesions in the association cortices cause?

Answer 17

Agnosia

Question 18

What is agnosia?

Answer 18

Inability to recognize an object, inability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli

Question 19

What types of agnosia are there?

Answer 19

Tactile agnosia, visual agnosia, and auditory agnosia

Question 20

What is the specific visual agnosia which results in an inability to recognize faces?

Answer 20

prosopagnosia

Question 21

What are association cortices also referred to as?

Answer 21

Heteromodal association cortices

Question 22

In which lobe are all activities (motor, cognitive, or emotional) planned? What are these kind of activities termed as?

Answer 22

Frontal lobe.

Executive function

Question 23

Where is the limbic association cortex?

Answer 23

Anterior pole of the temporal love

Question 24

What is the limbic system involved in regulating?

Answer 24

Emotions, mood, affect, and memory

Question 25

How many layers of gray matter does each cortical column contain?

Answer 25

All six

Question 26

Where do association fibers travel?

Answer 26

Between other regions in the same hemisphere

Question 27

Where do commissural fibers travel?

Answer 27

Between regions in the other (contralateral) hemisphere

Question 28

Where do projection fibers travel?

Answer 28

From the superficial cortices to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord

Question 29

What is the difference between negative and positive signs of function?

Answer 29

Negative signs mean a loss of function such as paralysis. Positive signs mean that functions are still there but function abnormally (new personality, seizures, hallucinations)

Question 30

What is the sequence of information flow between the functional areas?

Answer 30

Primary sensory cortex > Sensory association cortex > Association cortex > Motor planning areas > Primary motor cortex

Question 31

Where does simple sensory discrimination (intensity, quality) occur?

Answer 31

Primary sensory cortex.

Question 32

Where does recognition of sensation occur?

Answer 32

Sensory association cortex.

Question 33

Where does goal selection, planning, monitoring, interpretation of sensation, emotions, and memory processing occur?

Answer 33

Association cortex

Question 34

What is an example of sensory discrimination, recognition, and interpretation?

Answer 34

Example: quarter in hand, blind folded person. Sensory discrimination is that the coin is smooth. Sensory recognition is that the object is round. Sensory interpretation is that the round object is a coin.

Question 35

Which association cortex processes goal-oriented behavior and self-awareness?

Answer 35

Prefrontal association cortex

Question 36

Which association cortex processes sensory-integration, problem solving, understanding language and special relationships?

Answer 36

Parietotemporal association cortex

Question 37

Which association cortex processes emotion, motivation, personality, and processing of memory?

Answer 37

Limbic association cortex

Question 38

A lesion to what association cortex can result in left hemineglect syndrome?

Answer 38

Parietotemporal association cortex

Question 39

Wernicke's aphasia involves which association cortex?

Answer 39

Parietotemporal association in the dominant hemisphere

Question 40

Neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication involves which association cortex?

Answer 40

Parietotemporal association in the NON-dominant hemisphere

Question 41

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 41

Voluntary controlled movements

Question 42

What is the function of the premotor area?

Answer 42

Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments

Question 43

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

Answer 43

Initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements

Question 44

What is the function of Broca's area?

Answer 44

Motor programming of speech (usually in the left hemisphere only)

Question 45

What is the function of area analogous to Broca's in the opposite hemisphere?

Answer 45

Planning non-verbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere)

Question 46

What is Broca's aphasia?

Answer 46

Difficulty in producing non-verbal communication

Question 47

What is apraxia?

Answer 47

Inability to plan a movement

Question 48

What are the five various types of apraxia?

Answer 48

Akinetic, amnestic, motor, ideational, and facial

Question 49

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to carry out spontaneous movement?

Answer 49

Akinetic

Question 50

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to perform facial-oral movements on command?

Answer 50

Facial apraxia

Question 51

What is the most common type of apraxia?

Answer 51

Facial apraxia

Question 52

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to demonstrate us of objects?

Answer 52

Ideational apraxia

Question 53

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to carry out movements on command due to inability to remember the command?

Answer 53

Amnestic apraxia

Question 54

Which hemisphere is the dominant one in most individuals?

Answer 54

Left hemisphere

Question 55

What is the one exception of anatomical difference between the symmetry of the two hemispheres?

Answer 55

The planum temporale (including Wernicke's speech area) tends to be bigger in the left hemisphere

Question 56

Approximately what percent of the population is right handed?

Answer 56

90%

Question 57

What percentage of right handed people are left brain dominant?

Answer 57

90%

Question 58

What percentage of left handed people are left brain dominant?

Answer 58

60-70%

Question 59

T/F Most people are left brain dominant regardless of handedness.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What are the functions of the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 60

Language, skilled motor formulation (praxis), sequential and analytic calculating skills in arithmetic and musical ability of trained musicians, sequence processing

Question 61

What are the functions of the nondominant hemisphere?

Answer 61

Prosody (emotion, tone, and rhythm of voice), visual spatial analysis and spatial attention, spatial arithmetic skills, spacial orientation and processing

Question 62

Where do nearly all inputs into the cerebrum first synapse?

Answer 62

Thalamus

Question 63

How far do neurons in the thalamus project their axons?

Answer 63

Almost all areas of the cortex

Question 64

T/F Thalamic neurons receive dense reciprocal feedback connections from cortical regions

Answer 64

True

Question 65

What are the five anatomically categorized nuclei groups of the thalamus?

Answer 65

Lateral nuclear group, medial nuclear group, anterior nuclear group, Intralaminar nuclei, midline thalamic nuclei

Question 66

What are the medial, lateral, and anterior groups separated by?

Answer 66

A Y shaped white matter structure termed the internal medullary lamina

Question 67

What are the three functionally categorized nuclei of the thalamus?

Answer 67

Relay nuceli, Association, nuclei, and Nonspecific nuclei

Question 68

Which four thalamic nuclei are Sensory Relay?

Answer 68

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN

Question 69

What are the two Motor Relay nuclei?

Answer 69

VL and VA

Question 70

What are the three association nuclei?

Answer 70

P, MD, AN

Question 71

Where do VPL and VPM both relay sensation to?

Answer 71

Somatosensory cortex

Question 72

What the circle of Papez Circuit sequence?

Answer 72

Cingulate gyrus, enterorhinal cortex, hippocampus, mammalian body, thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus. Mnemonic: Can Every Hippo Forget Mammals Are Clever