Exam 2

Question 1

What does the lumbocostal arch contain?

Answer 1

Sympathetic Trunk & Major Splanchnic N.

Question 2

What does the aortic hiatus contain?

Answer 2

Aorta, Azygos Vein, & Thoracic Duct

Question 3

What does the esophageal hiatus contain?

Answer 3

Esophagus, Dorsal & Ventral Vagal Trunks

Question 4

What does the caval foramen contain?

Answer 4

Caudal Vena Cava

Question 5

What thoracic outlet contains the sympathetic trunk and major splanchnic nerve?

Answer 5

Lumbocostal Arch

Question 6

What thoracic outlet contains the aorta, azygos vein, and the thoracic duct?

Answer 6

Aortic Hiatus

Question 7

What thoracic outlet contains the esophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks?

Answer 7

Esophageal Hiatus

Question 8

What thoracic outlet contains the caudal vena cava?

Answer 8

Caval Foramen

Question 9

Which ribs are the sternal or “true” rubs?

Answer 9

Ribs 1-9

Question 10

Which ribs are the asternal or “false” ribs?

Answer 10

Ribs 10-13

Question 11

What makes up the costal arch?

Answer 11

The united costal cartilages of ribs 10-12.

Question 12

What rib(s) is/are the floating rib(s)?

Answer 12

Rib 13

Question 13

What all is enclosed in the mediastinum?

Answer 13

Thymus, lymph nodes, heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, nerves and vessels, varying amounts of CT, and fat.

Question 14

What is considered visceral pleura?

Answer 14

Pulmonary Pleura

Question 15

What is considered parietal pleura?

Answer 15

Costal Pleura
Mediastinal Pleura
Diaphragmatic Pleura

Question 16

What is pulmonary pleura considered?

Answer 16

Visceral Pleura

Question 17

What is the costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic pleura considered?

Answer 17

Parietal Pleura

Question 18

What are the 2 connecting pleuras?

Answer 18

Pulmonary Ligament

Plica Vena Cava

Question 19

The pulmonary ligament and plica vena cava are what types of pleura?

Answer 19

Connecting Pleura

Question 20

What are the boundaries of the line of pleural refletion?

Answer 20

Along the horizontal parts of the 8th & 9th costal cartilages, across the 10th & 11th ribs at the chostochondral junction, across the middle of the last rib, & cranially to the 12 intercostal space.

Question 21

The pericardial sac or the “surgeon’s paricardium” is made up of what 3 layers?

Answer 21

Fibrous Pericardium
Parietal Serous Pericardium
Pericardial Mediastinal Pleura

Question 22

Where is the cardiac notch located?

Answer 22

Low in the right 4th-5th intercostal space.

Question 23

What artery provides the nutritional blood supply to the lungs and where does it come from?

Answer 23

Bronchoesophageal Artery

From the right 5th intercostal artery

Question 24

What makes up the ausculatation triangle?

Answer 24

Caudal border of the triceps brachii m.
Lateral edge of epaxial muscles
Sternal end of 6th rib to 11th intercostal space

Question 25

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 25

The potential space where the diaphragmatic and costal parietal pleura are in contact with one another.

Question 26

What are the 2 exceptions to standard blood flow? (Flows through 2 capillary beds.)

Answer 26

Hepatic Portal System | Hypothalamico-hypophyseal Portal System

Question 27

What are the 3 layers of the heart? (Outside to Inside)

Answer 27

Visceral Serous Pericardium (Epicardium) Myocardium Endocardium

Question 28

Where is the location of the heart?

Answer 28

The 3rd to the 6th intercostal space.

Question 29

What is the function of papillary muscles?

Answer 29

Prevent eversion of the A-V valves.

Question 30

What is the order of the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 30

Sinoatrial Node Atriventricular Node Purkinje Fibers Trabecula Septomarginalis

Question 31

Where do the cardiac veins that drain the heart empty into?

Answer 31

Into the right atrium via the coronary sinus?

Question 32

What is the function of pectinate muscles?

Answer 32

Strengthen the atrial wall in the right atrium. Confined to the auricle in the left atrium.

Question 33

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 33

Circumflex Paraconal Interventricular Septal

Question 34

What is S1?

Answer 34

Closure of AV valves.

Question 35

What is S2?

Answer 35

Closure of semilunar valves?

Question 36

What intercostal space would you listen to the pulmonary valve?

Answer 36

Low in the left 3rd.

Question 37

What intercostal space would you listen to the aortic vavle?

Answer 37

High in the left 4th.

Question 38

What intercostal space would you listen to the left A-V valve?

Answer 38

Low in the left 5th.

Question 39

What intercostal space would you listen to the right A-V valve?

Answer 39

Low in the right 4th-5th.

Question 40

What receives lymph from 3/4 of the body?

Answer 40

Thoracic Duct

Question 41

Where does the thoracic duct empty?

Answer 41

Left Venous Angle

Question 42

What receives lymph from the right half of the head and neck and the right thoracic limb and shoulder?

Answer 42

Right Lymphatic Duct

Question 43

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

Answer 43

Right Venous Angle

Question 44

What is the name of the structure that allows blood to pass through the liver in fetal circulation?

Answer 44

Ductus Venosus

Question 45

What makes up the central nervous system?

Answer 45

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 46

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 46

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

Question 47

What is the function of a primary afferent neurons?

Answer 47

Conduct a sensory impulse from the periphery into the CNS.

Question 48

What is the function of a final efferent neuron?

Answer 48

Conduct a motor impulse from the CNS to an effector organ.

Question 49

What is the function of an interneuron?

Answer 49

Excitatory or Inhibitory | Interposed between afferent and efferent neurons.

Question 50

What is the direction of an afferent neuron?

Answer 50

Toward the CNS. Sensory.

Question 51

What is the direction of an efferent neuron?

Answer 51

Away from the CNS. Motor.

Question 52

What classification of peripheral neurons supply skeletal muscles of the body?

Answer 52

General Somatic Effect

Question 53

What classification of peripheral neurons supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

Answer 53

General Visceral Efferent

Question 54

What classification of peripheral neurons carry sensory information from the somatic body systems?

Answer 54

General Somatic Afferent

Question 55

What classification of peripheral neurons carry sensory information from the visceral body systems?

Answer 55

General Visceral Afferent

Question 56

What classification of peripheral neurons carry visual and auditory information?

Answer 56

Special Somatic Afferent

Question 57

What classification of peripheral neurons carry taste and smell sensations?

Answer 57

Special Visceral Afferent

Question 58

What part of the gray horn do GSAs go to?

Answer 58

Dorsal Horn

Question 59

What part of the gray horn do GVEs leave from?

Answer 59

Lateral Horn

Question 60

What part of the gray horn do GSEs leave from?

Answer 60

Ventral Horn

Question 61

What muscles do spinal nerve dorsal branches go to?

Answer 61

Epaxial

Question 62

What muscles do spinal nerve ventral branches go to?

Answer 62

Hypaxial

Question 63

What vertebrae are part of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 63

T1-L4

Question 64

What are the two connecting veins of the thoracic limb?

Answer 64

Median Cubital Vein | Axillobrachial Vein

Question 65

What parts of the body drain to the superficial cervical lymph node?

Answer 65

Thoracic limb, head, and neck

Question 66

Where does the superficial cervical lymph node drain to?

Answer 66

Thoracic duct on the left side and right tracheal trunk on the right. External jugular vein.

Question 67

What parts of the body drain to the axillary lymph node?

Answer 67

First 3 mammary glands, shoulder and arm, bones, thoracic joints, muscles of the thoracic limb.

Question 68

Where does the axillary lymph node drain to?

Answer 68

External Jugular Vein

Question 69

What parts of the body drain to the accessory axillary lymph node?

Answer 69

First 3 mammary glands, skin of thoracic wall, shoulder, arm, and elbow.

Question 70

Where does the accessory axillary lymph node drain to?

Answer 70

Axillary Lymph Node

Question 71

What nerves form the brachial plexus?

Answer 71

C6, C7, C8, T1, T2

Question 72

What muscles does the cranial pectoral nerve innervate?

Answer 72

Superficial pectoral muscles

Question 73

What muscles does the caudal pectoral nerve innervate?

Answer 73

Deep pectoral muscle

Question 74

What muscles does the long thoracic nerve innervate?

Answer 74

Serratus ventralis muscle

Question 75

What muscles does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

Answer 75

Latissimus dorsi muscle

Question 76

What muscles does the lateral thoracic nerve innervate?

Answer 76

Cutaneus trunci muscle

Question 77

What muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Answer 77

Supraspinatus muscle | Infraspinatus muscle

Question 78

What muscles does the subscapular nerve innervate?

Answer 78

Subscapularis muscle

Question 79

What muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

Answer 79

Flexor muscles of the cubital joint Biceps brachii muscle Brachialis muscle

Question 80

What muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?

Answer 80

Flexor muscles of the humeral joint Teres major muscle Teres minor muscle Deltoideus muscle

Question 81

What muscles does the superficial branch of the radial nerve innervate?

Answer 81

Skin only

Question 82

What muscles does the deep branch of the radial nerve innervate?

Answer 82

``` Triceps brachii muscle Tensor fascia antebrachii muscle Anconeus muscle Ulnaris lateralis muscle Extensor carpi radialis muscle Common digital extensor muscle Lateral digital extensor muscle ```

Question 83

If the radial nerve is injured proximal to the tricipital branches, where will paralysis occur?

Answer 83

Paralysis of the extensor muscles of the elbow, carpus, and digit. Foot is dragged on the ground.

Question 84

If the radial nerve is injured distal to the tricipital branches, where will paralysis occur?

Answer 84

Paralysis of the extensor muscles of the carpus and digit. Affected animal knuckles over.

Question 85

What muscles does the median nerve innervate?

Answer 85

``` Flexor carpi radialis muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle Deep digital flexor muscle Pronator teres muscle Pronator quadratus muscle ```

Question 86

What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

Answer 86

Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Deep digitial flexor muscle Interosseous muscles

Question 87

If a dog is in right lateral recumbency, what is the radiographic view?

Answer 87

Right Lateral

Question 88

What shape does the cardiac silhouette have in right lateral view?

Answer 88

Egg Shaped

Question 89

With a lateral projection, what part of the clock is the left atrium?

Answer 89

12:00 - 2:00

Question 90

With a lateral projection, what part of the clock is the left ventricle?

Answer 90

2:00 - 5:00

Question 91

With a lateral projection, what part of the clock is the right ventricle?

Answer 91

5:00 - 9:00

Question 92

With a lateral projection what part of the clock is the pain pulmonary artery, right auricle, and aortic arch?

Answer 92

9:00 - 11:00

Question 93

With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the aortic arch?

Answer 93

11:00 - 1:00

Question 94

With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the main pulmonary artery?

Answer 94

1:00 - 2:00

Question 95

With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the left auricle?

Answer 95

2:00 - 3:00

Question 96

With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the left ventricle?

Answer 96

3:00 - 5:00

Question 97

With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the right ventricle?

Answer 97

5:00 - 9:00

Question 98

With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the right atrium?

Answer 98

9:00 - 11:00

Question 99

With a VD/DV view, what part of the heart can you not see well?

Answer 99

Left Atrium