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AP 700 - Gross Anatomy I > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

(246 cards)

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1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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3
Q

Heterotopic Skeleton

A

Bones in unusual but normal locations

Os penis

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4
Q

Classification of Bone: Structure

A

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

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5
Q

Classification of Bone: Origin

A

Cartilaginous Bone - Bone replaces cartilage model

Dermal Bone - Bone forms directly within a sheet of CT

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6
Q

Bone Development: Endochondral Ossification

A

Cartilaginous plates (epiphyseal plates) remain between and separate adjacent centers until the bones are mature. Bones elongate.

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7
Q

Bone Development: Intramembranous Ossification

A

No cartilage model is involved and the bones grow in diameter.

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8
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone

A

Diaphysis - shaft
Epiphysis - end
Physis - plate of growing cartilage
Metaphysis - rapidly growing, flared segment located on diaphyseal side
Apophysis - large, bony projections which develop from independent centers of ossification

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9
Q

Blood Supply to Bones

A

Nutrient artery passes through nutrient foramen

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10
Q

Manus Bones

A 
Accessory carpal bone
Ulnar carpal bone
Intramedial radial carpal bone
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges
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11
Q

Pes Bones

A 
Calcaneus
Talus
Central tarsal bone
Tarsal bone (I through IV)
Metatarsals
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12
Q

Specific Landmarks

A

C1 - Atlas
C2 0 Axis
C6 - Expanded ventral lamina of transverse process
C7 - Lacks transverse foramina and has caudal costal foveae
T11 - Anticlinal vertebral

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13
Q

Vertebral Formula

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 CD~20

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14
Q

3 Types of Joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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15
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Little to no movement

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16
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Permits only limited movement, such as compression or stretch

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17
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely moveable

Skeletal components not directly jointed to one another at contact surface

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18
Q

Basic Features of Synovial Joints

A

Joint cavity
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage

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19
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Covers the articular surfaces of bones

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20
Q

Fibrous Layer of Joint Capsule

A

Blends with the periosteum at or near the margin of the articular cartilage

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21
Q

Ligament

A

A band or cord of connective tissue uniting 2 or more bones or cartilages

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22
Q

Tendon

A

A band or cord of CT that unites muscle with bone

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23
Q

Collateral Ligaments

A

Located medially and laterally

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24
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Primary source of pain in joint diseases

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25
Function of Synovial Fluid
Lubricate the contact surfaces of synovial joints Nourishment Removal of wastes
26
Fibrocartilaginous Plates
Menisci/articular discs
27
Thoracic Limb
Humeral Cubital Carpal Digital
28
Humeral Joint
Lacks "true" collateral ligaments Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles laterally Subscapularis and coracobrachialis muscles medially
29
Cubital Joint
Compound joint | Collateral ligaments
30
Joints of Manus
``` Antebrachiocarpal Middle carpal Carpometacarpal Metacarpophalangeal Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint ```
31
Pelvic Limb Joints
Coxal Genual Tarsal joint complex Digital joints
32
Coxal Joint
Lacks collateral ligaments | Ligament of the head of the femur
33
Genual Joint
2 menisci | 10 ligaments
34
Tarsal Joint Complex
``` Tarsocrural Talocalcaneal Talocalcaneocentral Calcaneoquartal Centrodistal Tarsometatarsal ```
35
Intervertebral Articulations
Atlantooccipital (synovial)(yes joint) | Atlantoaxial (synovial)(no joint)
36
Intervertebral Articulations
Between articular processes (synovial) | Between vertebral bodies (fibrocartilaginous)
37
Parts of an intervertebral disc
Anulus fibrosus | Nucleus pulposus
38
Costovertebral Articulation
Both articulations are synovial | Vertebra of the same number as rib
39
In how many articulations total is the 5th thoracic vertebra involved?
``` 12 2 - intervertebral 2 - cranial 2 - caudal 2 - tubercles with ribs 2 - cranial rib head 2 - caudal rib heads ```
40
I'm skipping integument.
Suck it.
41
And myology.
Yep.
42
What type of joints are associated with the proximal aspects of a rib?
Synovial
43
Muscles of Respiration: Inspiration
Diaphragm Scalenus m. Serratus dorsalis cranialis m.
44
Muscles of Respiration: Expiration
Serratus dorsalis caudalis m.
45
Sternal or "true" ribs
Ribs 1-9
46
Asternal or "false" ribs
Ribs 10-13
47
Lumbocostal Arch
Sympathetic trunk | Major splanchnic n.
48
Aortic Hiatus
Aorta Azygos vein Thoracic duct
49
Esophageal Hiatus
Esophagus Dorsal vagal trunk Ventral vagal trunk
50
Caval Foramen
Caudal Vena Cava
51
Mediastinum
``` Encloses: Thymus LNs Heart Aorta Trachea Esophagus Nerves and vessels CT & fat ```
52
Identify the layer/portion of a tendon sheath which is in direct contact with the tendon.
Visceral layer
53
Pleural Cavities and Membranes
Visceral Pleura Parietal Pleura Connecting Pleura
54
Connecting Pleura
Pulmonary Ligament | Plica Vena Cava
55
Pericardial Cavity & Membranes
Pericardium | Pericardial Sac
56
Fibrous pericardium
Prevents significant distension of the pericardial cavity Excessive fluid accumulation Cardiac tamponade
57
Left Lung
2 lobes | Cranial lobe and caudal lobe
58
Right Lung
4 lobes | Cranial, caudal, middle, and accessory
59
Cardiac Notch
Right lung | Low in right 4th-5th intercostal space
60
Pulmonary Blood Supply
Functional - Pulmonary arteries | Nutritional - Bronchoesophageal artery
61
Pulmonary circulation
Lower pressure | From the heart to the lungs and back
62
Systemic Circulation
Higher pressure | Distributed from the heart throughout the body and back
63
Visceral Serous Pericardium | "Epicardium"
Directly comes in contact with the heart
64
"Surgeon's Pericardial Sac"
Pericardial mediastinal pleura Fibrous pericardium Parietal serous pericardium
65
Layers of Heart
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
66
Location of the Heart
3rd to the 6th intercostal space
67
Conduction System
Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Purkinje fibers
68
Trabecula Septomarginalis
Right ventricle only
69
Grooves of Heart
Coronary groove Subsinuosal interventricular groove Paraconal interventricular groove
70
Coronary Arteries
``` Arise from ascending aorta Left Coronary 1. Circumflex branch a. Subsinuosal interventricular branch 2. Paraconal interventricular branch 3. Septal branch Right Coronary ```
71
Cardiac Veins
Great cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Coronary sinus
72
Branches of the Aortic Arch
``` Brachiocephalic trunk - L. common carotid - R. common carotid - R. subclavian Left subclavian ```
73
Venous Angle
At level where right external and subclavian v. join | At level where left trachial trunk and subclavian v. join
74
Thoracic Duct
Receives the lymph from 3/4 of the body
75
Right Lymphatic Duct
Receives the lymph from the right half of the head and neck and the right thoracic limb and shoulder
76
Fetal Structure: Umbilical a.
Adult Structure: Round ligaments of the urinary bladder
77
Fetal Structure: Umbilical v.
Adult Structure: Round ligament of the liver
78
Fetal Structure: Ductus venosus (liver)
Adult Structure: Ligamentum venosum
79
Fetal Structure: Ductus arteriosus
Adult Structure: Ligamentum arteriosum
80
Fetal Structure: Foramen ovale
Adult Structure: Fossa ovalis
81
CNS
Brain and spinal cord
82
PNS
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
83
Nerve
A collection of neuronal cell processes, axon, located in the PNS
84
Tract
A collection of neuronal cell processes traveling within the CNS
85
Ganglion
A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
86
Nucleus
A collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
87
Primary Afferent Neurons
Conduct sensory impulses from periphery into the CNS
88
Final Efferent Neurons
Conduct motor impulse from CNS to effector organ (lower motor neurons, LMNs)
89
Interneurons
Short neurons interposed between afferent and efferent neurons Located entirely within the CNS May be excitatory or inhibitory
90
Projection Neuron
In CNS Long axons Descending projection neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN)
91
General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
Supply skeletal muscles
92
General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
Form the autonomic nervous system (ANS) | 2 neuron chain between CNS and effector organ
93
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
Carry sensory information | Cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia
94
General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
Carry sensory information from the visceral body system | Cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia
95
Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)
Carry visual and auditory information
96
Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)
Carry taste and smell sensations
97
Organization of Spinal Nerves
Cervical has 8, all exit cranially to vertebrae Thoracic has 12, exit caudally Lumbar has 7, exit caudally Sacral has 3, exit caudally
98
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Controls involuntary visceral activity in order to maintain homeostasis or respond to stress
99
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) System
``` Sympathetic - fight or flight -thoracolumbar Parasympathetic -homeostasis - craniosacral ```
100
2 Neuron Pathway
Sympathetic - Synapse outside organ | Parasympathetic - Synapse inside organ wall
101
Main Arterial Supply of Thoracic Limb
``` Axillary a. Brachial a. Median a. Superficial palmar arch Palmar common digital a. ```
102
Veins of the Thoracic Limb
``` Cephalic v. Accessory cephalic v. Median cubital v. Axillobrachial v. Omobrachial v. ```
103
Constant LN of Thoracic Limb
Superficial cervical | Axillary
104
Inconstant LN of Thoracic Limb
Accessory axillary
105
Brachial Pelxus
C6 - T2
106
Nerves of the Brachial Plexus
``` Thoracodorsal Lateral thoracic Long thoracic Cranial pectoral Caudal pectoral Suprascapular Subscapular Axillary Musculocutaneous Radial Median Ulnar ```
107
Cranial pectoral n.
Superficial pectoral m. - Descending pectoral m. - Transverse pectoral m.
108
Caudal pectoral n.
Deep pectoral m.
109
Long thoracic n.
Serratus ventralis m.
110
Thoracodorsal n.
Latissimus dorsi m.
111
Lateral thoracic n.
Cutaneus trunci m. Preputial m. PANNICULUS REFLEX
112
Suprascapular n.
- Supraspinatus m. | - Infraspinatus m.
113
Subscapular n.
Subscapularis m.
114
Musculocutaneous n.
Flexor muscles of the cubital joint - Biceps brachii m. - Brachialis m.
115
Axillary n.
Flexor muscles of the humeral joint - Teres major m. - Teres minor m. - Deltoideus m.
116
Radial n.
Extensors of cubital, carpal, and digital joints
117
Median n.
Flexors of carpal, digital joints
118
Ulnar n.
Flexors of carpal, digital joints
119
Inguinal Canal
Extends from the superficial inguinal ring to the deep inguinal ring
120
Superficial Inguinal Ring
Slit-like opening into the aponeurosis of the EAO
121
Deep Inguinal Ring
Triangular opening with IAO (caudal), rectus abdominis (lateral), inguinal ligament (EAO)
122
Inguinal Canal Contains
``` Spermatic cord or vaginal process External cremaster muscle External pudendal artery and vein Genitofemoral nerve Efferent duct of the superficial inguinal LN ```
123
Rectus Sheath
``` EAO IAO TA TF Change position around rectus abdominis m. ```
124
Peritoneum
Male - closed sac | Female - opens into the peritoneal cavity via the ovarian bursa
125
Parts of Peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity
126
Parietal Peritoneum
Lines abdominal wall, scrotal cavity, and vaginal process | Forms parietal vagical tunics of spermatic cord and vaginal process and vaginal rings
127
Visceral Peritoneum
Covers the organs
128
Peritoneal Cavity
DOES NOT CONTAIN ORGANS
129
Parts of Peritoneal Cavity
Greater sac, lesser sac, epiploic foramen
130
Pelvic Peritoneal Pouches
Pararectal fossa Rectogenital pouch Vesicogenital pouch Pubovesical pouch
131
Mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum, suspends organs
132
Root of Mesentery
Cranial mesenteric a. Lymphatics Mesenteric nerve plexus
133
Dorsal Mesentery
``` Greater omentum Mesoduodenum Mesojejunum Mesoileum Mesocolon Mesorectum ```
134
Great Mesentery
Continuous cranially with the deep leaf of the greater omentum and caudally with descending mesoclon
135
Ventral Mesentery
Lesser omentum Falciform ligament Median ligament of the urinary bladder Antimesenteric folds or ligaments
136
Greater Omenum
Spleen Gastrosplenic ligament Left lobe of pancreas
137
Lesser Omentum
Hepatogastric ligament | Hepatoduodenal ligament
138
Location of Stomach
Empty - Left cranial quadrant | Full - Extends into caudal abdominal quadrants
139
Regions of Stomach
Cardiac Fundus Body Pyloric antrum
140
Hepatogastric ligament
Liver - lesser curvature
141
Gastrosplenic ligament
Greater curvature - spleen
142
Gastrophrenic ligament
Esophageal hiatus - cardia
143
Mesoduodenum
Right lobe of pancreas
144
Duodenocolic fold
Ascending duodenum - descending colon
145
Ileum
Left caudal quadrant - right caudal quadrant
146
Ileocecal fold
Cecum attached to ileum
147
Cecocolic orifice
DOES NOT COMMUNICATE WITH THE ILEUM
148
Anal Canal
Columnar zone Intermediate zone Cutaneous zone
149
Liver
``` Not palpable Left lateral and medial lobe Right lateral and medial lobe Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe ```
150
Ligaments - alot
No
151
Gallbladder
Between quadrate and right medial lobe
152
Bile
Enters cystic duct, bile duct, and into duodenum through the major duodenal papilla
153
Pancreas
Left lobe - deep leaf of greater omentum | Right lobe - descending mesoduodenum
154
Pancreatic Ducts
Pancreatic duct - Drains right lobe | Accessory pancreatic duct - Drains left lobe
155
Spleen
Left cranial and left caudal quadrants
156
Celiac Artery
Right and left gastro-epipolic a. feed greater curvature of stomach Right and left gastric feed lesser curvature of stomach
157
Testicular/Ovarian Vein
Right drains into CDVC, left drains into renal vein
158
Portosysemic Shutnts
Vessels that allow normal portal blood draining the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen to pass directly into systemic circulation without first passing through the liver
159
Kidney Location
Left kidney is more caudal than right kidney
160
Renal Hilus
Indented medial border of kidney | Where renal a. and v., lymphatics, nerves, and ureter enter
161
Renal Sinus
Contains the renal pelvis, fat, and proximal branches of the renal vessels and nerves
162
Renal Pelvis
Funnel shaped dilation of ureter | Receives urine from the papillary ducts and passes it into the ureter
163
Pelvic Recess
Curved diverticula of the renal pelvis
164
Renal Cortex
Outer portion of the renal parenchyma
165
Renal Medulla
Inner portion of the renal parenchyma
166
Renal Crest
The free edge of medulla facing the pelvis
167
Renal Papillae
Apex of renal pyramid
168
Renal Pyramid
Lobes of kidneys
169
Ureters
Abdominal part and pelvic part
170
Urinary Bladder
Apex Body Neck
171
Ligaments of Urinary Bladder
2 lateral ligaments - round ligament of the bladder contains remnant of umbilical arteries Median ligament of the bladder - Remnant of urachus and umbilical arteries, and umbilical vein
172
Tunica dartos
Smooth muscle layer, contraction causes the scrotal skin to retract and draw the testes close to the body
173
Epididymis
Spermatozoa are stored before ejaculation Head Body Tail
174
Mesorchium
Visceral vaginal tunic
175
Blood Supply to Testis
Testicular a. Artery of the ductus deferens Direct branches of abdominal aorta
176
Clinical Spermatic Cord
Everything + cremaster and parietal vaginal tunic
177
Prostate
Open into the urethra via colliculus seminalis
178
Penis
``` Root - Left and right crura - Bulb of penis Body - 2 adjacent corpora cavernosa Glans - Bulbus glandis - Pars longa glandis ```
179
Body of the Penis
Enveloped by tunica albuginea
180
Penis Muscles
Ischiocavernosus m. Bulbospongiosus m. Retractor penis m. Ischiourethralis m.
181
Penis Blood Supply
Branches off internal pudendal
182
Broad Ligament
Paired double folds of peritoneum attaching the ovaries, uterine tube, and uterus
183
3 Regions of Broad Ligament
Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesometrium
184
Round Ligament of Uterus
A fibrous cord that runs in the free border of laterally extended mesometrium from the ovary to inguinal canal
185
Suspensory Ligament
Suspends ovary to ribs
186
Proper Ligament of Ovary
Caudal continuation of suspensory ligament of the ovary attaching the ovary to the uterine horn
187
Infundibulum
Site of fertilizaton
188
Uterine Ostium
Opening of the uterine tube into the horn of the uterus at the tubouterine junction
189
Cervix
Internal uterine orifice to external uterine orifice
190
Vestibule
Urethral tubercle contains the external urethral orifice
191
Blood Supply
``` Ovarian a. - Uterine br. - Tubal br. Internal pudendal a. - Vaginal a. - Uterine a. - Artery of the clitoris - Artery of the vestibular bulb ```
192
Arterial Supply of the Hind Limb
``` Abdominal aorta External iliac a. Femoral a. Popliteal a. Cranial tibial a. Dorsal pedal a. Perforating metatarsal a. Deep plantar arch Plantar metatarsal a. ```
193
Superficial Venous System
Lateral and medial saphenous veins
194
Popliteal LN
Palpable
195
Superficial inguinal LN
Palpable
196
Deep inguinal LN
Inconstant
197
Medial iliac LN
Constant and palpable | SINGLE TERMINAL LN OF THE HIND LIMB
198
Lumbosacral Plexus
L4, L5, L6, L7, S1, S2, S3
199
Nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus
``` Lateral cutaneous femoral n. Genitofemoral n. Femoral n. Obturator n. Sciatic n. Cranial gluteal n. Caudal gluteal n. Caudal cutaneous femoral n. ```
200
Lateral cutaneous femoral n.
Skin over the lateral aspect of thigh and stifle joint
201
Genitofemoral n.
Skin over the medial aspect of the thigh
202
Femoral n.
Quadriceps femors m. | EXTENSION OF STIFLE JOINT
203
Injuries to femoral n.
Incapable of supporting weight
204
Saphenous n.
Sartorius m. | Skin over the medial aspect of thigh
205
Obturator n.
Adductor muscles of pelvic limb - Adductor m. - Gracilis m. - Pectineus m. - External obturator m.
206
Lumbosacral Trunk
L6, L7, S1, S2
207
Nerves of the Lumbosacral Trunk
Cranial gluteal n. Caudal gluteal n. Sciatic n.
208
Cranial gluteal n.
Middle gluteal m. Deep gluteal m. Tensor fascia lata
209
Caudal gluteal n.
Superficial gluteal m.
210
Sciatic n.
Biceps femoris m. Quadratus femoris m. Semitendinosus m. Semimembranosus m.
211
Common fibular n.
Flexor muscles of the tarsus | Extensor muscles of the digits
212
Injury of common fibular n.
Dropped foot | "Knuckle over"
213
Tibial n.
Extensor muscles of tarsus | Flexor muscles of the digits
214
Injury to tibial n.
Dropped hock
215
Caudal cutaneous femoral n.
Skin over caudal aspect of the thigh
216
Extrinsic Muscles of Tongue
Styloglossus m. Hyoglossus m. Genioglossus m.
217
Blood Supply of Tongue
Lingual a. | Sublingual a.
218
Innervation of the Tongue
``` Lingual n. Chorda tympani branch of facial n. Vagus n. Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal n. Hypoglossal n. ```
219
Parotid Duct
Opens buccal vestibule, opposite the P4/ tooth
220
Mandibular Duct and Major Sublingual Duct
Opens sublingual caruncle
221
Minor Sublingual Duct
Opens oral cavity
222
Decidous Dentition for Dogs
28 teeth
223
Permanent Dentition for Dogs
42 teeth
224
Decidous Dentition for Cats
26 teeth
225
Permanent Dentition for Cats
30 teeth
226
Triadan System for Deciduous Teeth
P1 Missing | All end in 08
227
Roots of the Teeth in the Adult Dog
P4, M1, and M2 of upper arcade have 3
228
Middle Pharyngeal Constrictors
Hyopharyngeus
229
Caudal Pharyngeal Constrictors
Thyropharyngeus | Cricopharyngeus
230
Alar Fold
Made up of the ventral nasal choncha
231
Ethmoidal Labyrinth
Endoturbinates (I - IV) | Ectoturbinates (1 - 6)
232
Dorsal Nasal Meatus
Passage between the nasal bone and the dorsal nasal choncha
233
Middle Nasal Meatus
Passage between the dorsal and ventral nasal conchae
234
Ventral Nasal Meatus
Passage between the ventral nasal conchae and the hard palate
235
Nasomaxillary Opening
Connection between the middle nasal meatus and the maxillary recess
236
Laryngeal Cavity
Vestibule Glottic cleft Infraglottic cavity
237
Vestibule of Larynx
Extends from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular fold
238
Glottis
Consists of the arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold
239
Ligaments of the Larynx
Cricotracheal ligament | Cricothyroid ligament
240
Main Abductor of the Arytenoid Cartilage
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
241
Cranial laryngeal a.
Supplies most of the mucosa and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
242
Innervation of the Larynx
Innervated by branches of the vagus n.
243
External branch of the cranial laryngeal n.
Innervates the cricothyroid m. which is a constrictor of the pharynx
244
Cadual laryngeal n.
Innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid m.
245
Middle Vascular Coat - Uvea
Choroid, ciliary body, and iris
246
Middle Ear
Medial wall is petrous temporal bone

AP 700 - Gross Anatomy I (8 decks)

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