Exam 2 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What is true about a muscle that is not contracting?
A
ACheE is present in the synaptic cleft.
2
Q
The sliding mechanism of myofilaments works when
A
The myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites of the thin filaments.
3
Q
All the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitutes a
A
Motor unit
4
Q
What is true about a fast muscle fiber?
A
It has few mitochondria, not many.
5
Q
If a muscle has a tendon that branches within the muscle tissue, it is a?
A
Multipennate muscle
6
Q
Regarding a muscle insertion, what is true?
A
The insertion moves more than the origin.
7
Q
There are three posterior thigh muscles which are antagonistic to the quadriceps femoris muscle.The muscles are known as the hamstring and are as follows: the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the
A
Biceps femoris
8
Q
When a muscle exerts tension without shortening, the contraction is termed?
A
Isometric
9
Q
If a muscle is exercised past the point where is has sufficient oxygen, it will
A
Switch to anaerobic production of energy
10
Q
What is the order of muscle structures progressing from largest to smallest in diameter?
A
Muscle, Fascicle, Muscle Fiber, Myofibril
11
Q
Muscles involved in the protrusion of the lower jaw include
A
The lateral pterygoids
12
Q
In the process known as Wallerian degeneration
A
Macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons
13
Q
The process of reverberation involves
A
Extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons
14
Q
Which neural tissue cell type is likely to be malfunctioning if the BBB is no longer adequately protecting the brain?
A
Astrocytes
15
Q
Information from peripheral receptors to processing centers in the brain travels along
A
Ascending pathway
16
Q
The inferior most attachment of the digastric muscle is associated with the
A
Hyoid bone
17
Q
A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another if
A
Its supply of NT is exhausted
18
Q
To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?
A
Along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not
19
Q
If a neuron loses its centrioles
A
It is rendered incapable of dividing
20
Q
A gap junction acts to facilitate
A
The passage of ions between the cells
21
Q
The effects of the NT on the postsynaptic membrane may be
A
Either excitatory or inhibitory
22
Q
The pia mater is what?
A
It is the delicate innermost meningeal layer that forms the filum terminale
23
Q
Components of the CNS include
A
Spinal cord and brain
24
Q
The outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each nerve and its branches is the
A
Epineurium
25
The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called a
Dermatome
26
The structural classification of a neuron is based upon
The number of processes that project from the cell body
27
The dura mater is the
Toughest and thickest of the meninges
28
Growth of the spinal cord
Continues until an individual is around 4 years of age.
29
The ventral root of a spinal nerve transmits _____ information ______ the spinal cord.
Motor; away from
30
What four sinuses are associated with the dura mater?
Straight sinus, sigmoid sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, superior sagittal sinus
31
The internal capsule is a type of what?
Projection Fiber
32
A loss of myelination in the central nervous system which can lead to muscle paralysis could be associated with?
Multiple Sclerosis
33
The third ventricle is located in what region?
Diencephalon
34
The most complete and correct description of the gray matter in the cerebrum is
That is consists mainly of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers and is found both in the superficial cortex and in deeper cerebral nuclei.
35
At the NMJ, curare prevents muscle contraction by?
Blocking Ach receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
36
This is true of the occipitofrontalis muscle
An aponeurosis connects them
37
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy
There is a defective gene for the protein called dystrophin
38
What condition occurs when the vertebrae fail to develop a complete neural arch and part of the spinal cord is expose?
Spina Bifida
39
Where are upper motor neurons located?
Cerebral cortex or brainstem
40
What information is carried in the gracile fasciculus?
Sensory signals from below level T6 for visceral pain, touch, and proprioception from the lower limbs
41
What is one role of the astrocytes?
Help form the BBB
42
What is the neurilemma?
The body of a schwann cell
43
If there is a stroke in the motor portion of the left side of the brain, it affects muscles of the right side of the body. Why?
Because the fibers of the corticospinal tracts are contralateral
44
The Nissl bodies of a neuron consist of?
Rough ER
45
In a sarcomere, this is necessary in order for myosin to detach from actin.
ATP
46
This muscle is said to form the floor of the oral cavity.
Mylohyoid
47
What contributes to the BBB (4 things)
Meninges, Astrocytes, Endothelial, Tight Junctions
48
This Band.Structure shortens during the contraction of a sarcomere
H-Zone
49
CSF fluid returns to the bloodstream by way of
arachnoid villi
50
The region of a sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap is
The A band
51
What role does a first-order neuron play in the passage of a sensory signal to the brain?
The first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.
52
The right and left sides of the gray matter of the spinal cord are linked by what structure?
Gray commissure
53
That upper motor neurons that control the skeletal muscles are found in
The precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
54
The trigger zone of neuron includes the
Axon hillock
55
Posture is maintained by what fibers?
Slow oxidative
56
Because of ___, one motor neuron in the brain can ultimately cause thousands of muscle fibers to contract.
Diverging circuits
57
What structure stores calcium ions that trigger contraction?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
58
A somatic motor neuron carries
Signals to skeletal muscle fibers
59
When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have
A direct attachment
60
What is the regulatory protein of the myofilaments?
Troponin
61
The masseter muscle is _______ and acts as an ______.
Multipennate; elevator
62
In order to flex your fingers, what type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive?
Efferent
63
Most lower motor neurons are located in
the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
64
The cauda equina
Is a bundle of nerve fibers that occupies the vertebral canal from L2-S5
65
In a relaxed muscled fiber, active sites of actin are blocked by
Tropomyosin
66
Prominent tendons on the dorsum of the hand belong to the ________ muscle.
Extensor Digitorum
67
What are the gaps between myelinated segments of an axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
68
The embyonic forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain arise from what structure?
The neural tube
69
The somas of the sensory neurons of spinal nerves are found?
in the dorsal root ganglion
70
Because of an absence of _________, damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate
a neurilemma
71
Nissil bodies are located where?
In the soma
72
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining day to day, restful activities?
Parasympathetic system
73
A bipolar neuron has
two axons arising from the soma
74
The layers of connective tissue surrounding a nerve from the OUTSIDE to the INSIDE in correct order is?
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
75
When a skeletal muscle contracts involuntary is usually the result of a?
Spinal reflex arc
76
The portion of a sarcomere that contains the think filaments only is the?
H-Band
77
Which of the following are most closely involved with visceral sensory neurons?
Interoceptors
78
Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as
White matter
79
If a neuron loses its centrioles
It is rendered incapable of dividing
80
In the process known as Wallerian degeneration
macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons
81
The telencephalon becomes the
cerebrum
82
we can distinguish between sensations that originate in different areas of the body because
Sensory neurons from each body region synapse in specific brain regions
83
The sensory homunculus is a map that shoes the
number of sensory units in regions of the body
84
Loss of sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs is called
quadriplegia
85
The membrane network that surrounds each myofibril in a sleeve-like arrangement is the
sarcroplastic reticulum
86
The process of reverberation involes
extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neuron
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
87
Name three glial cells
Microglial, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes
88
Afferent means what?
Sensory
89
Efferent means what?
Motor
90
Neurons extending from the thalamus, through the internal capsule, and to the somatosensory cortex are?
third-order neurons
91
The first order neuron is the
sensory neuron that brings information FROM the receptor TO the CNS
92
If an axon in the CNS becomes less efficient at transmitting impulses, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?
Oligodendrocytes
93
Muscle fibers have various arrangements. The most powerful arrangement is called?
Pennate
94
Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as
White Matter
95
After flowing through the dural sinuses, CSF and blood flow into the
Internal jugular vein
96
The structural classification of a neuron is based upon
The number of processes that project from the cell body
97
Muscular dystrophy is a condition resulting from dysfunction associated with
a dysfunctional muscle protein
98
If muscle has a tendon that branches within the muscle tissue, it is a
multipennate muscle
99
Regarding a muscle insertion, which of the following is true?
The insertion moves more than the origin
100
What is an isotonic contraction?
Tension remains unchanged, but the length changes.
101
A neuron pool is
a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions
102
Which unique function of the brain occurs in the postcentral gyrus?
Receives primary sensory information of touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature
103
Which bands shorten during contraction?
H band and I band
104
The meshwork of elastic fibers that make the arachnoid mater look "webby" are
The arachnoid trabeculae
105
Components of the metencephalon indclude?
Cerebellum and pons
106
The choroid plexus
the site of CSF production
107
Role of the arachnoid granulations?
absorb CSF into the venous circulation
108
The primary role of the blood brain barrier is to
isolate the CNS from general circulation
109
The outermost covering of an unmyelinated axon is called
Axolemma
110
When a neural pathway splits to involve many areas of the nervous system, the type of processing is known as
diverging
111
A neuron that ascends the spinal cord or brain stem and usually ends in the thalamus is an
Second-order neuron
112
A first order neuron is
the sensory neuron that brings information from the receptor to the CNS
113
What are the major somatosensory pathways?
The posterior column pathway, the spino cerebellar pathway, and the spinothalamic pathway.
114
If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?
Near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS
115
A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of
Microglia
116
Axons crossing over the spinal cord pass through the
gray commissure
117
The epidural space contains
connective tissue and blood vessels
118
The attachment of a muscle to a bone is called
A tendon or an aponeurosis
119
Microglia cells are the
smallest neuroglial cell
120
Which cells have the most mitochondria
Slow Oxidative
121
What is the best description of the epidural space?
Contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.
122
What is a raphae?
A slender band of collagen fibers.
123
Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma?
Motor end plate.
124
The arachnoid mater lies between two fluids; _______ fluid on its outer surface and _______ fluid on its inner surface.
Interstitial Fluid -> Outside
CSF -> Inside
125
Your comprehension of these written words involves.
Wernickes Area
126
The central portion of the diaphragm is an aponeurosis that serves as the tendon of insertion for the diaphragm. The tendon is called:
Central Tendon
127
The condition associated with decreased production of dopamine?
Parkinsons
128
The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are found in
the precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
129
Compounds that diffuse passively across the BBB are...?
Are lipid soluble.
130
The ventral root of a spinal nerve transmits _______ information _________ the spinal cord.
Motor
Away
131
Muscles that flex the elbow are innervated by the?
Musculocutaneous and Radial Nerve
132
The greater the number of muscle fibers in each motor unit
The less precise the control will be.
133
The structures at the ends of the telodendria that form the snaptic terminals are the
Synaptic Knobs
134
Regeneration of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system is assisted by
Schwann Cells
135
What are the five patterns of interactions between neurons?
1. Divergence
2. Convergence.
3. Serial Processing
4. Parallel Processing
5. Reverberation
136
The somatic motor association area, also called the premotor cortex is responsible for
Patterened, learned activity
137
The reticular formation
is stimulated to produce heightened altertness and a generalized excitement
138
Which areas lack the BBB?
Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus
