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CNS > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
Spinal Cord:
Length: (cm and in.)
Max Diameter (and where it occurs): 
Weight:
Superior Boundary:
Inferior Boundary:
A 
40 - 45 cm (16 - 18 in) Long
1.3 cm Max Dia. - C5-C6
27 - 35 grams
Foramen Magnum
Disc between L1-L2
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2
Q

Bell-Magendi Law

A

Dorsal roots contain sensory (afferent) fibers

Ventral roots are motor (efferent) fibers

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3
Q

C1 exits…
C4 exits…
C8 exits…

A

C1 - between Occiput and Atlas
C4 - IVF between C3 and C4
C8 - IVF between C7 and T1

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4
Q

T1 exits…
T6 exits…
T12 exits…

A

T1 - IVF between T1 and T2
T6 - IVF between T6 and T7
T12 - IVF between T12 and L1

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5
Q

L1 exits…

L5 exits…

A

L1 - IVF between L1 and L2

L5 - IVF between L5 and S1

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6
Q

S1 thru S4 exit…

S5 exits…

A

S1-S4 - Dorsal and Ventral Sacral Foramina

S5 - Sacral Hiatus

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7
Q

Coccygeal Nerve: (2)

A

Co1 exits the Sacral Hiatus

May be missing

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8
Q

Cord and vertebral column are approximately the same length during what period of development?

A

First 3 months of embryonic development

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9
Q

At birth, the Co1 cord level is typically at the same level as…

A

L1-L3 Vertebra

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10
Q

Tapering end of the cord is called…

A

Conus Medullaris

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11
Q

_______, ________ and ________ nerves run for an extended distance, below the cord, down through the _______ ______.
This formation is called the ______ ______ because it resembles a horse’s tail.

A

Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal run through the LUMBAR CISTERN.

Cauda Equina

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12
Q 
Quadriplegic = Injury to...
Paraplegic = Injury to...
A 
Quadriplegic = C1 - C8
Paraplegic = T1 or below
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13
Q

Central Canal (of the spinal cord):

  • Cranially, it is continuous with the central canal of the… (2)
  • Inferiorly, it expands in the ______ ______ as a _______ _______
A
  • continuous with the central canal of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and the 4TH VENTRICLE.
  • expands in the CONUS MEDULLARIS as a TERMINAL VENTRICLE
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14
Q

Terminal Ventricle vs. Lumbar Cistern

A

Terminal Ventricle = Within Cord

Lumbar Cistern = Outside Cord

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15
Q

Microanatomy of Gray Matter:

Composition: (4)

A

Neuron Cell Bodies
Thick Dendritic Mats
Support Glial Cells
Capillary Beds

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16
Q

Groups of cell bodies form ______

A

Nuclei

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17
Q

Lamina I

A

Thin Cap over Dorsal Horn

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18
Q 
Gray Matter Gross Structure
Horn Functions:
Dorsal Horns -
Lateral Horns -
Ventral Horns -
A

Dorsal Horns - Sensory Info
Lateral Horns - T1-L2 and S2-S4; Autonomic/Preganglionic
Ventral Horn - Motor Info

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19
Q

Gray Matter Gross Structure: (1)

White Matter Gross Structure: (1)

A

Substantia Grisea

Substantia Alba

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20
Q

Funiculus:
Fasciculi:

A

Funiculus: A longitudinal bundle of white matter fibers
Fasciculi: Bundles of functionally related axons within a funiculus

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21
Q

Lamina II (3)

A

Substantia Gelatinosa
Sensory
Pain

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22
Q

Lamina III and IV (2)

A

Nucleus Proprius

Sensory of touch/pressure

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23
Q

Lamina V (2)

A

Reticular formation in cervical area only

Send axons to contralateral spinothalamic tracts

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24
Q

Lamina VI

A

Missing at some cord levels

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25
Q 
Lamina VII
(nucleus one + 2 points)
(nucleus two + 3 points)
A

Nucleus Dorsalis C8 - L3
- Most axons to the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
- Sensory info to maintain balance, muscle tone, etc.
Intermediolateral Nucleus T1-T12, L1, L2, S2-S4
- Autonomic Motor Neurons
- Preganglionic Sympathetic (T1 - L2)
- Postganglionic Parasympathetic (S2 - S4)

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26
Q

Lamina VIII

A

Medial aspect of anterior horn

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27
Q

Lamina IX (3)

A
  • Somatic Motor Horn
  • Motor innervates most skeletal muscle
  • Class A alpha motor neurons - longest, fastest conducting motor neurons
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28
Q

Lamina X (2)

A
  • Surrounds Central Canal

- Gray Commissures - nonmyelinated, connects equivalent structures on opposite sides

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29
Q

__________ ____________ form _______ and give white matter its white appearance

A

Interfascicular Oligiodendrocytes for Myelin

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30
Q

Diameter of axons in white matter?

Myelinated?

A

0.2 - 30 microns

Myelinated >2 microns

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31
Q

Molecules that keep fasciculi together

A

NCAM’s - Nerve Cell Adhesion Molecules

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32
Q

Descending Tracts: (p.68)

A 
Tectospinal
Anterior Cortacospinal
Medial Reticulospinal
Lateral Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal
Lateral Corticospinal
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33
Q

Ascending Tracts: (p. 68)

A 
Gracilis
Cuneatus
Posterior Spinocerebellar
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Lateral Spinothalamic
Anterior Spinothalamic
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34
Q

Gracilis
Location:
Synapse:
Fiber Type:

A

Dorsal Funiculus of ALL cord levels.
Synapse in NUCLEUS GRACILIS of M.O.
Afferent

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35
Q

Cuneatus
Location:
Synapse:
Fiber Type:

A
  • Dorsal Funiculus of T5/T6 and above
  • Synapse in NUCLEUS CUNEATUS of M.O.
  • Afferent
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36
Q

Functions of Gracilis and Cuneatus: (2)

A
  • 2pt touch discrimination and vibratory sensation
  • Kinesthetic sensation - conscious perception of position and movement of body parts (i.e. knowing where your big tow is without looking
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37
Q

Most frequently misinterpreted test for gracilis/cuneatus damage:

A

Romberg’s Test: Stand with eyes closed - losing balance indicated problem.

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38
Q

Gracilis signal path (primary, secondary, tertiary neurons):

A

Gracilis:

  • Primary: Enters at any cord level, skips gray matter, travels up to M.O. where it synapses with Nucleus Gracilis
  • Secondary: Internal Arcuate Fibers immediately cross over and go thru the Medial Lemniscus up to the Thalamus where it synapses again.
  • Tertiary: Thalamus to Cortex on opposite side of signal origin
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39
Q

Cuneatus signal path (primary, secondary, tertiary neurons):

A

Cuneatus:

  • Primary: Enters at T6 or above, skips gray matter, travels up to M.O. where it synapses with Nucleus Cuneatus
  • Secondary: Internal Arcuate Fibers immediately cross over and go thru the Medial Lemniscus up to the Thalamus where it synapses again.
  • Tertiary: Thalamus to Cortex on opposite side of signal origin
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40
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic
Location:
Function:
Part of signal path that differs from Anterior Spinothalamic:

A
  • Lateral Funiculus of ALL cord levels
  • Pain/Temperature
  • Crosses quickly
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41
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic
Location:
Function:
Part of signal path that differs from Lateral Spinothalamic:

A
  • Anterior Funiculus of ALL cord levels
  • Light Touch/Pressure
  • Crosses gradually
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42
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic signal path (primary, secondary, tertiary neurons)

A
  • Primary: Pain/Temp. info enters at any cord level and immediately synapses in gray matter
  • Secondary: Immediately crosses over and goes straight up to the Thalamus
  • Tertiary: Thalamus to Cortex on opposite side of signal origin
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43
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic signal path (primary, secondary, tertiary neurons)

A
  • Primary: Touch/Pressure info enters at any cord level and immediately synapses in gray matter
  • Secondary: GRADUALLY crosses over and goes straight up to the Thalamus
  • Tertiary: Thalamus to Cortex on opposite side of signal origin
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44
Q

Lesions to Spinothalamic tracts lead to ________ (defeinition) and ___________ (definition) on _______ side of the body.

A

Analgesia - loss of pain sensation
Thermoanaesthesia - loss of temp sensation
OPPOSITE side of body from lesion.

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45
Q

Lesion of Gracilis/Cuneatus tracts would lead to…

A

Loss of 2pt TOUCH DISCRIMINATION and KINESTHETIC info from SAME side as lesion.

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46
Q

The lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts make up a large part of the __________ system when considered together.

A

Anterolateral System

47
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Location:
Function:

A
  • Lateral Funiculus of Lumbosacral
  • Send input on general state of gross movements of lower body and what is about to happen from MOTOR neurons in that part of the cord
48
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract signal path:

A
  • Primary neuron enters lumbosacral and synapses in gray laminae
  • Secondary neuron immediately crosses over, travels up, and crosses back over thru the superior cerebellar peduncle (terminates in cerebellum)
49
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Location:
Function:

A
  • Lateral Funiculus of C8 - L3 - Nucleus Dorsalis

- Proprioceptive input of Fine Movements from what just happened

50
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract signal path:

A
  • Primary neuron enters C8 - L3 and synapses with Nucleus Dorsalis
  • Secondary neuron (does NOT cross) travels straight up and thru Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (terminates in cerebellum)
51
Q

Proprioceptive input above C8 uses which tract?

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

52
Q

Cuneocerebellar Tract
Location:
Function:

A
  • From Accessory Cuneate Nucleus of M.O. to Cerbellum

- Proprioceptive input of Fine Movements above C8 - Pecotral Girdle and Extremity

53
Q

How does proprioception of fine movements BELOW L3 get to the cerebellum?

A

Hitches a ride on Gracilis and synapses with Nucleus Dorsalis in L2-L3 region, and then continues on Posterior Spinocrebellar Tract (like all other signals like it)

54
Q

6 other ascending tracts not covered in class:

A 
Spinoreticular - Pain
Spinocortical - terminates in cerebral cortex
Spinoolivary - Proprioception
Spinovestibular - Postural Reflexes
Spinopontine - Cerebellum
Spinotectal - Spino-Visual Reflex
55
Q 
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
% of corticospinal fibers:
Location:
Function:
Signal Path:
A
  • 5-15% of corticospinal fibers
  • Anterior Funiculus down to Thoracic Cord Level
  • Unclear - Seem to influence axial musculature of neck and shoulders
  • Cerebral Cortex, down same side no lower than T6, neuron crosses outside of tract
56
Q 
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
% of corticospinal fibers:
Location:
Function:
Signal Path:
A
  • 85-95% of cortico spinal fibers
  • Lateral Funiculus OPPOSITE of origin in cerbral cortex (entire cord)
  • Initiating and Accomplishing Precise Skilled Voluntary Movements
  • Cerebral Cortex, crosses in Pyramids of M.O., terminates throughout entire spinal cord
57
Q

Lower Motor Neurons:

Upper Motor Neurons:

A

Lower - Originate in Spinal Cord or Brainstem, extend into PNS, and innervate Somatic Musculature
Upper - Originate high (Cortex or Brainstem) and influence Lower Motor Neurons (i.e. Corticospinal Tract Fibers + others)

58
Q

UMN Lesions vs LMN Lesions

A

Both: Reduction or absence of voluntary movement
UMN: Hyperreflexia, Increased muscle tone, Clonus, Babinski sign (Cerebral Palsy)
LMN: Hyporeflexia/Areflexia, Decreased muscle tone and atrophy, Muscle Fibrillations/Fasciculations (Polio)

59
Q

Pyramidal Neurons:

A

Upper Motor Neurons involved with Initiation of Skilled Voluntary Movements

60
Q

Extrapyramidal Neurons: (2)

A
  • A COMPLEX of UMNs which originate in the brainstem and extend down the cord.
  • Influence Posture, Muscle Tone, Enhance Reflexes and thus allow Voluntary Movements to be SMOOTH and EFFECTIVE
61
Q

Three tracts that are good examples of extrapyramidal neurons

A

Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
Vestibulospinal

62
Q 
Tectospinal Tract
Origin:
Path:
Termination:
Function:
A

Origin: Superior Colliculus of Midbrain’s Tectum
Path: Crosses as it descends
Termiantion: In Upper Four Cervical Cord Levels
Function: Postural Reflex adjustments to the Traps and Steinocleidomastoid when dealing with Sight and Auditory stimuli

63
Q 
Rubrospinal Tract
Origin:
Path:
Termination:
Function:
Strongly influenced by...
A

Origin: Red Nucleus of midbrain’s Tegmentum
Path: Cross in Midbrain as they descend
Termination: Reach all cord levels
Function: Predominately influence CONTRALATERAL HAND and FOOT FLEXOR musculature.
Strongly influenced by CEREBELLUM and CEREBRAL CORTEX

64
Q 
Vestibulospinal Tract
Origin:
Path:
Termination:
Function:
A

Origin: Vestibular Nucleus (lateral part) in M.O.
Path: Fibers do NOT cross
Termination: Runs entire length of cord along the ANTERIOR-LATERAL FUNICULAR JUNCTION
Function: Muscle Tone and Postural Adjustments primarily in Ipsilateral EXTENSORS while Inhibiting Flexors.
Maintains proper orientation when falling.

65
Q 
Medial Reticulospinal Tract
Funiculus:
Origin:
Path:
Termination:
A
  • Anterior Funiculus
  • Origin: Pons Tegmentum
  • Path: Does NOT cross
  • Termination: All cord levels
66
Q 
Lateral Reticulospinal Tract
Funiculus:
Origin:
Path:
Termination:
A
  • Lateral Funiculus
  • Origin: M.O.
  • Path: Does NOT cross
  • Termination: All cord levels
67
Q

Functions of Medial and Lateral Reticulospinal Tracts

A
  • Heart, Blood Pressure and Respiratory Rates and Rhythms

- Alternative paths is Corticospinal tract fibers are destroyed

68
Q

Two tracts that both ascend and descend

A

Fasciculus Proprius

Dorsolateral Tract of Lissauer

69
Q

Fasciculus Proprius
Location:
Function:

A
  • Originate and terminate within the cord

- Coordination for Spinal Reflexes

70
Q

Dorsolateral Tract of Lissauer

Location:

A

Originate between Rexed Lamina I and Posterior Lateral Sulcus, and terminate in gray horns (all within the cord)

71
Q

Cause of CNS lesions: (4)

A

STROKE
Trauma
Tumors
Disease/Infection

72
Q

UMN vs. LMN - Which would cause quadriplegic and which would cause paraplegic

A

UMN - Quadriplegic

LMN - Paraplegic

73
Q

Dorsal Root vs. Ventral Root - Which would inhibit PNS and which would inhibit CNS

A

Dorsal Root - CNS - Sensory coming into CNS would be inhibited
Ventral Root - PNS - Motor going out would be inhibited

74
Q

2 common sites for sever spinal injury

A

C5/C6

T12/L1

75
Q

Total loss of either the right or left side of the spinal cord

A

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

76
Q

______ _______: Bacterial tertiary syphilis resulting in wasting away of the dorsal funiculus.
The actual attack is on the dorsal root ganglia - primarily those contributing to _________ ________ (which tract)

A

Tabes Dorsalis

Fasciculus Gracilis

77
Q

________ ________: Resulting in destruction of CNS myelin.

- More common in ________ with onset most commonly between ages ____ and ____.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

- more common in FEMALES… onset between 20 and 40 years of age

78
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Results in destruction of… (2)… principally in the _______ _________ tracts.
- More common in _______ with onset after age ____

A

destruction of UMNs and LMNs principally in the LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL tracts
- MALES after age 45

79
Q

Hexachlorophene (germicide) is an example of a toxin causing injury through _______ alteration.

A

Myelin

80
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ("Combined Systems Disease")
- Deficiency of...
A

Pernicious Anemia

B12 Deficiency

81
Q

___________: A rare condition where the cord’s central canal or adjacent areas begin to hollow out (erode).

A

Syringomyelia

82
Q

Poliomyelitis: A virus that alters the ________ of the neurons’ cell body until death of cell occurs.

A

Cytoplasm

83
Q
  • Approximately ___-___% of the CNS tumors develop in the spinal cord tissue
  • Most common cord tumor is __________ and usually occurs in the _______ ________.
  • Most common tumors in the vertebral canal are ___________.
A
  • 10-15% of CNS tumors develop in spina cord tissue
  • Most common CORD tumor is EPENDYMOMA and it occurs in the CONUS MEDULLARIS
  • Most common VERTEBRAL CANAL tumor is MENINGIOMA
84
Q
  • ___-___% of CNS tumors are within the cranial vault.
  • Most common primary brain tumor is ______
  • Most malignant tumor known to man is _________ _________
A
  • 85-90% of CNS tumors are within the cranial vault
  • GLIOMA is most common
  • GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORMA is most malignant
85
Q

Rhombencephalon includes which gross parts of the brain?

A

Myelencephalon - Medulla Oblongata

Metencephalon - Pons and Cerebellum

86
Q

Gross parts of brainstem from superior to inferior?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

87
Q

Apparent Origin:
Nucleus of Origin:
Nucleus of Termination:

A

Apparent Origin: Where C.N. appears to attach
Nucleus of Origin: Contribute motor fibers to C.N.s
Nucleus of Termination: Receive incoming afferent input from C.N.

88
Q

Medulla Oblongata:

  • Passive ________ _______
  • Relay Nuclei: (3)
  • C.N. Nuclei: (6) - Control centers for… (3)
A

Medulla Oblongata:

  • Passive Fiber Conduction
  • Relay Nuclei: Gracilis and Cuneatus, Inferior Olivary Nuclei
  • C.N. Nuclei: V, VII-XII - Control centers for RESPIRATORY, SWALLOWING, C.V. FUNCTION
89
Q

Medulla Oblongata is…

  • Ventral to the _______
  • Inferior to the _______
  • Superior to the ________
  • Inferior border is…
A

Medulla Oblongata is…

  • Ventral to the CEREBELLUM
  • Inferior to the PONS
  • Superior to the SPINAL CORD
  • Inferior border is the SUPERIOR MOST ANTERIOR ROOTLET of C1
90
Q

Sulci of M.O. from midline - out

A

Dorsal Median Sulcus
Dorsal Intermediate Sulcus
Dorsal Lateral Sulcus

91
Q

Origins of C.N.s of M.O.:

no C.N. V origin

A

VII, VII - Pontocerebellar Angle
IX, X, XI - near Ponterolateral Sulcus
XII - Ventrolateral Sulcus

92
Q

Fibers come to the olive of the M.O. from the… (6)

A 
Cord
Red Nucleus
Midbrain
Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Reticular Formation
93
Q

The Reticular Formation is thought to control (as a complete unit) ________ _______

A

General Arousal

94
Q

Fibers located in the pyramids

A

Descending Pyramidal Cortacospinal Fibers

95
Q

Which fibers cross in the pyramids

A

Lateral Cortacospinal Tract

96
Q

________ ___________: Ascending fibers throughout the M.O., Pons, Midbrain and terminate in the ________. These fibers will enlarge dramatically half-way up the M.O. as they receive about a million internal arcuate fibers from the OPPOSITE nucleus ________ and _________.

A

MEDIAL LEMNISCUS: Ascending fibers throughout the M.O., Pons, Midbrain and terminate in the THALAMUS. These fibers will enlarge dramatically half-way up the M.O. as they receive about a million internal arcuate fibers from the OPPOSITE nucleus GRACILIS and CUNEATUS.

97
Q

Accessory Oculomotor Nucleus: _________ control of _______ and ________ constrictor smooth muscles of the eye - ___________

A

Parasympathetic
Ciliary and Pupillary
Preganglionic

98
Q

Oculomotor Nuclei: ________ _______ muscle control for ___ of the 6 extraocular eye muscles and upper eyelid

A

Somatic Motor muscle control…

4 of the 6

99
Q

Posterior Nucleus of Vagus:

A

Sensory and Motor (parasympathetic) for voice, heart, lung and instestine (C.N. X)

100
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus:

A

C.N.s IX, X, XI share this nucleus in delivery of visceral efferent (motor) fibers to the pharynx

101
Q

Nucleus Solitarius:

A

Sensory reception via VII, IX, X dealing with taste

102
Q

Main and Spinal Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve:

A

Main sensory for face dealing with pain, thermal, discriminative tactile and proprioception

103
Q

The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve extends from the _______ down into the ____-___ cord levels

A

Pons - C1-C4 cord levels

104
Q

Corticobulbar Fibers: (origin - termination)

A

Cerebral Cortex - M.O.

105
Q

Additional tract similar to Fasciculus Proprius which assists with swallowing, chewing and moving eyes together.

A

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

106
Q

_______ __________ Stroke Syndrome or “Wallenberg’s Stroke Syndrome”:
- Classic set of symptoms would include…

A

Lateral Medullary Stroke Syndrome

- Loss of pain/temp sensation on one side of face and opposite side of body

107
Q

C.N. Nuclei of the Pons: (4)

A

V-VIII

108
Q

Pons:
Ventral to the _______
Inferior to the _______
Superior to the _______

A

Ventral to Cerebellum
Inferior to Midbrain
Superior to M.O.

109
Q

Two subdivisions of the Pons

A

Tegmentum - or Dorsal Division

Basilar - or Ventral Division

110
Q

Basilar or Ventral division of Pons contains… (3)

A

Corticospinal tract fibers
Medial Lemniscus
Pontine Nuclei

111
Q

Lateral Lemniscus of the Tegmentum of the Pons:

  • ________ pathway
  • Includes the anterior and posterior ________ nuclei and the ________ _______ nuclei
  • This pathway ascends to the diencephalon’s ________ ________ body.
  • The final interpretation of auditory input will occur in the _______ _______
A

Lateral Lemniscus of the Tegmentum of the Pons:

  • AUDITORY pathway
  • Includes the anterior and posterior COCHLEAR nuclei and the SUPERIOR OLIVARY nuclei
  • This pathway ascends to the diencephalon’s MEDIAL GENICULATE body.
  • The final interpretation of auditory input will occur in the TEMPORAL LOBE
112
Q

Functions of the Cerebellum:

- Momentary status of… (4)

A

Muscle Contraction, Joint Tension, Visual and Auditory input on Equilibrium

113
Q

Thee main attachments of the cerebellum

A

M.O. via Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Pons via Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Midbrain Via Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

114
Q

Another name for the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Restiform

CNS (6 decks)

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