Exam 2

Question 1

Dr. Matsuko’s major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist.

Answer 1

developmental

Question 2

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the

Answer 2

placenta

Question 3

Infants’ tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their

Answer 3

mental abilities.

Question 4

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

Answer 4

Piaget’s cognitive development theory.

Question 5

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

Answer 5

concept of conservation

Question 6

A child’s realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

Answer 6

a theory of mind

Question 7

The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as

Answer 7

a critical period

Question 8

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist’s waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother’s side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of

Answer 8

secure attachment

Question 9

“I don’t care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!” This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

Answer 9

authoritarian

Question 10

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

Answer 10

postconventional

Question 11

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

Answer 11

role confusion.

Question 12

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a

Answer 12

rite of passage.

Question 13

The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture.

Answer 13

the social clock

Question 14

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) ________ study.

Answer 14

longitudinal

Question 15

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of

Answer 15

stability and change.

Question 16

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

Answer 16

associative learning.

Question 17

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be. the science of

Answer 17

observable behavior

Question 18

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

Answer 18

conditioned stimulus.

Question 19

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

Answer 19

UR.

Question 20

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) _____.

Answer 20

CS; US

Question 21

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

Answer 21

spontaneous recovery

Question 22

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terrora. the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

Answer 22

generalization.

Question 23

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by

Answer 23

Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement.

Question 24

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

Answer 24

shaping.

Question 25

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. 

Answer 25

conditioned

Question 26

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. 

Answer 26

fixed-ratio

Question 27

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding

Answer 27

decreases; increases

Question 28

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective. 

Answer 28

cognitive

Question 29

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates 

Answer 29

observational learning

Question 30

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

Answer 30

mirror neurons

Question 31

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

Answer 31

short-term

Question 32

Mr. Nydam suffers from amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

Answer 32

explicit memory and implicit memory

Question 33

Another term for implicit memory is __________ memory.

Answer 33

non-declarative

Question 34

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

Answer 34

effortful processing

Question 35

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

Answer 35

a mnemonic technique

Question 36

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

Answer 36

deep processing

Question 37

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural  memories?

Answer 37

basal ganglia

Question 38

Conscious memories  of emotionally stressful  events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

Answer 38

amygdala

Question 39

Which of the following is believed to be  synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Answer 39

long-term potentiation

Question 40

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

Answer 40

the serial position effect

Question 41

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Answer 41

anterograde amnesia

Question 42

The happier Jude is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. Ther best illustrates that emotional states can become

Answer 42

retrieval cues

Question 43

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily  remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

Answer 43

proactive interference

Question 44

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

Answer 44

repression

Question 45

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man  who was driving the car. Several hours alter, Teresa mistakenly recalled that driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa"s experience best illustrates

Answer 45

the misinformation

Question 46

Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence?

Answer 46

factor analysis

Question 47

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should to increase the ___________ of their employees.

Answer 47

intrinsic motivation

Question 48

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates

Answer 48

emotional intelligence

Question 49

The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by

Answer 49

Lewis Terman

Question 50

A 9-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficency of an average 12-year-old was said to have an IQ of

Answer 50

133

Question 51

A test designed to assess whether newly graduated medical students should be granted legal right to practice medicine would most likely be considered a (n) ___________ test

Answer 51

achievement

Question 52

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. this was most clearly necessary for test

Answer 52

standardization

Question 53

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

Answer 53

reliabillity

Question 54

If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, they are said to

Answer 54

have content reliability

Question 55

Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests'

Answer 55

validity

Question 56

Comparing the intelligence test scores among people from distincly different age cohorts requires

Answer 56

cross-sectional studies

Question 57

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

Answer 57

nontwin siblings reared together

Question 58

With his concern for "mental orthopedics", Alfred Binet would have been most enthusiastic about

Answer 58

Head Start programs

Question 59

Increasing years of schooling over the last half century have most likely contributed to

Answer 59

the Flynn effect

Question 60

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ______ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult _________ test.

Answer 60

math problem-solving; verbal fluency