final Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the
A
nature–nurture issue
2
Q
The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book The Animal Mind. Her name was
A
Margaret Floy Washburn.
3
Q
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called
A
cognitive neuroscience.
4
Q
Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
A
thought processes and brain functions.
5
Q
Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
A
nature and nurture. Environmental and gene relation
6
Q
Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
A
William James
7
Q
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as
A
behaviorism.
8
Q
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
A
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
9
Q
From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
A
observable behavior
10
Q
Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?
A
social-cultural
11
Q
Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.
A
developmental
12
Q
To balance historic psychology’s focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of
A
positive psychology.
13
Q
Which branch of psychology is most likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups?
A
community psychology
14
Q
Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?
A
the experiment
15
Q
Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by
A
operational definitions
16
Q
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
A
vary together.
17
Q
University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as
A
naturalistic observation
18
Q
When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying
A
critical thinking.
19
Q
Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of
A
wording effects
20
Q
Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as
A
hindsight bias
21
Q
Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness
A
the experiment
22
Q
Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are
A
curiosity, skepticism, and humility
23
Q
Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean
A
2
24
Q
The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a
A
bar graph.
25
Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
discerning human similarities and differences
26
If psychologists discovered that poor people are more satisfied with their marriages than wealthy people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are
negatively correlated.
27
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in
naturalistic observation
28
A focus on the links between brain activity and behavior is most characteristic of psychologists who work from a ________ perspective.
biological
29
Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs
sensory cortex
30
Dendrites are branching extensions of
neurons
31
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)
myelin sheath.
32
The cerebral cortex is the covering layer of the
cerebrum
33
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty
playing his guitar
34
By restraining the use of his left hand, doctors helped Bruce to use and improve the coordination skills of his right hand. The doctors employed a technique known as
constraint-induced therapy.
35
Using a brain-computer interface, some paralyzed people may be able to move a robotic limb simply by thinking about moving it. This best illustrates
constraint-induced therapy.
36
José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of
endorphins
37
With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which
positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane.
38
The reticular formation is located in the
brainstem
39
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's
amygdala.
40
The person most likely to suggest that the shape of a person's skull indicates the extent to which that individual is argumentative and aggressive would be a
phrenologist
41
You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the
sympathetic nervous system.
42
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
psychoactive
43
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.
increase; decrease
44
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes.
45
Physical pain and intense cravings indicate
physical dependence.
46
A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as
sleep.
47
Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?
Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.
48
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as
blindsight.
49
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
REM sleep
50
Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
a biopsychosocial approach.
51
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that
children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathers.
52
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
natural selection
53
DNA is a complex
molecule
54
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human
reproductive success.
55
Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking outfits because she wants to be treated like a woman. This best illustrates the impact of
gender typing.
56
One form of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin contributes to the development of
a fearful temperament.
57
Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)
increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
58
Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a
role
59
Men in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves.
teens
60
Assessing possible links between specific chromosome segments and alcohol dependence would be of greatest interest to a(n)
molecular geneticist
61
A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of
individualism.
62
Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that
person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.
63
Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to
form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world.
64
Piaget emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment. Vygotsky emphasized how the child's mind grows through
social mentoring.
65
During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of
Alzheimer's disease.
66
The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of
stability and change.
67
The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the
ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other.
68
Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during its first few hours of life. Carol should be told that
human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.
69
In teen calls to hotline counseling services, the most discussed topic is
peer relationships.
70
When asked to recall the one or two most important events over the last half century, older adults tend to name events that occurred when they were between ________ years of age.
10 and 30
71
Research on older people has shown that
they become increasingly prone to car accidents
72
According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the
adolescent.
73
Puberty is most closely related to the onset of
menarche.
74
During the time following the death of a loved one
both men and women go through predictable stages of denial followed by anger.
75
In one 15-year period, more Americans died on the two days after Christmas than on the two days before Christmas. It has been suggested that this illustrates
a death-deferral phenomenon
76
Cognition refers to
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
77
According to Piaget, imagining an action and mentally reversing it would be an example of a
mental operation
78
Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget
underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants
79
Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to
secure attachment
80
Researchers have discovered that the midlife transition between early and middle adulthood is characterized by unusually high levels of
none of these feelings or events.
81
According to Erikson, trust is to infancy as identity is to
adolescence
82
Research indicates that the high school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers also tend to
have the most intimate relationships with girlfriends.
83
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view
84
When adults of varying ages were tested for their memory of a recently learned list of 24 words, the older adults demonstrated
a decline in recall but not in recognition.
85
When put in a foul-smelling rather than a pleasant-smelling room, people expressed harsher judgments of immoral acts such as lying. This best illustrates the importance of
cognition embodied.
86
According to place theory, the perception of
high-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the basilar membrane closest to the oval window.
87
A subliminal message is one that is presented
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
88
Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only the following four sensations
bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.
89
Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized
mirror neurons.
90
Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.
operant conditioning
91
An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of
classical conditioning.
92
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
instinctive drift
93
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
generalization
94
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed-interval
95
Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
punishment
96
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
positive(
97
Psychologists define learning as the process of
acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.
98
Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
CS; US
99
Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
100
A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of
continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
101
A learned association between two stimuli is central to
classical conditioning
102
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
generalization
103
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
spontaneous recovery.
104
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called
discrimination.
105
People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize
interference
106
An iconic memory is a ________ memory.
sensory
107
The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates
effortful processing
108
Stress hormones provoke the ________ to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia
amygdala
109
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates
retroactive interference
110
Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of
memory consolidation.
111
Memories are primed by
retrieval cues
112
Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.
retention; acquisition
113
A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life best illustrates
infantile amnesia.
114
Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
flashbulb
115
Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called
effortful processing.
116
Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to
encoding failure.
117
By consciously rehearsing facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions occurring throughout the semester, you are most clearly taking advantage of
the spacing effect.
118
Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions
recognition
119
Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
the availability heuristic.
120
To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of
syntax.
121
The word “cats” contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).
4; 2
122
The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to
underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate.
123
An impairment of language is known as
aphasia
124
Wernicke's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe.
temporal
125
Noam Chomsky suggested that all human languages share a(n)
universal grammar
126
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates
insight
127
A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test.
aptitude
128
Brain scans indicate that smart people
require less energy to solve problems than the average person.
129
For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as
mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
130
Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a
grammar test
131
Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences.
eight
132
The same people are tested and retested over a period of years in a(n)
longitudinal study
133
The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a
normal curve.
134
Spearman's g factor refers to
a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
135
Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is
6.
136
The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of
emotional intelligence
137
Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes
138
According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.
Cannon-Bard theory
139
According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.
a cognitive label; physical arousal
140
Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggests that they
are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent.
141
A deep neural center activated when people smell some disgusting food or when they feel moral disgust in response to a perceived injustice is called the
insula
142
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called
the facial feedback effect
143
A polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed description of the victim's clothing and death wounds—details that would be known only to a person at the scene of the crime. The investigators were using the
guilty knowledge test.
144
A loss of perceived control tends to result in
reduced immune responses
145
Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities
Type B
146
The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the
tendency for standards of judgment to be heavily influenced by previous experiences.
147
Two-thirds of Americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported
sleeping difficulties
148
Depression increases the risk of death, especially death from
coronary heart disease
149
Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by
lowering blood pressure.
150
No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a
strong superego.
151
The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is
rationalization
152
If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.
overestimate; overestimate
153
Projective tests are most closely associated with ________ theories.
psychodynamic
154
Unlike country, pop, and religious music lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
opennes
155
A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to
criticize others
156
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates
learned helplessness
157
According to Freud, an adult who exhibits biting sarcasm and an exaggerated denial of his or her dependence on others shows signs of a(n)
fixation
158
Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?
MMPI
159
Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic
personality traits
160
Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.
more;less
161
Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he
selectively studied people with qualities he admired
162
A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as
free association
163
The ability to delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards illustrates
self-control
164
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT
an unlearned instinct
165
Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
reinforcement
166
In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves
role-playing aggression
167
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electronic shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers
168
Svetlana, a 20-year-old undergraduate, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive women.
be perceived as more socially skilled
169
Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is LEAST likely to steal the merchandise if
she easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting
170
Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western cultures? They have
lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage
171
Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park. His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret the foul as
a provocation
172
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect
173
Three keys to an enduring companionate love include
equity selfdisclosure and positive support
174
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about influence, and relate to one another?
social psychology
175
At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between
explicit and implicit attitudes
176
Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if
you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request
177
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when
they perceive orders to come from legitimate authority figures
178
Deindividuation refers to
a loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonyminty
179
When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect
180
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
frustration
181
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.
situational influences; personal dispositions
182
A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates
stimulus generalization
183
Anxiety is considered disordered if it is
persistent and distressing
184
Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is
Preventing her from functioning effectively
185
Twenty-two-year-old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight, she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from
Bulimia nervosa
186
Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, ________ occurs worldwide.
schizophrenia
187
Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from
a phobia
188
Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by
a lack of guilty feelings
189
Danes born in densely populated areas have been found to be at increased risk for
Schizophrenia
190
Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.
Learning
191
It has been suggested that compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to the survival of the human species. This idea best illustrates the ________ perspective.
Biological
192
Ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture are best characterized as
Deviant
193
Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from
classical conditioning
194
Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled areas of the brain are
Abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small
195
Some people are more vulnerable to PTSD because they have a sensitive ________, which floods the body with stress hormones.
Limbic System
196
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Schizophrenia
197
Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates
the therapeutic alliance
198
Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients
become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses
199
Principles derived from psychologists' understanding of classical conditioning have most directly influenced the development of
psychodynamic therapies
200
Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in those activities. Dr. Jackson's treatment approach best illustrates
cognitive behavioral therapy
