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Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

important parameters in microscopy

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

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2
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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3
Q

cell walls were first seen by

A

Robert Hooke, 1665, tree bark

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4
Q

Matt Schleidan and Ted Schwaan 1838-39 discovery

A

all organisms are composed of one or more cells and are the smallest unit of life

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5
Q

Rudolf Virchous discovery

A

cells only arise by division of a previously existing cell and life is continuos line of decent

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6
Q

Cell Theory

A

all organisms are composed of cells, smallest living things, arise from preexisting cells, continuous line of decent, contain mechanism for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Why are cells small

A

optimus surface area to volume ratio 3:1

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8
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography

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9
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells

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10
Q

Certain structures common in cells

A

genetic material, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane

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11
Q

prokaryotic

A

bacteria and archaebacteria

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12
Q

Eukaryotic

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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13
Q

chromosomes carry

A

genes

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis, not membrane bound so not an organelle

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15
Q

Whats larger prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic

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16
Q

size of prokaryotic cells

A

.1-1ym

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17
Q

size of eukaryotic cells

A

10-100ym

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell

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19
Q

microvilli

A

long thin projections that increase surface area without an approachable increase in volume

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20
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm

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21
Q

nuclear envelope membrane

A

double

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22
Q

nuclear lamina

A

netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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23
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins made up is chromosomes

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24
Q

free ribosomes

A

suspended in the cytosol

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25
bound ribosomes
attached to the outside to the outside endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
26
endomembrane system includes
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes,vesicles and vacuoles, and plasma membrane
27
endomembrane system tasks
synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membrane or organelles or outside of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poison
28
Endoplasmic reticulum
extensive network of membranes that account for more than half the total membrane in Eukaryotic cells
29
Smooth ER surface
lacks ribosomes
30
Rough ER surface
studded with ribosomes
31
Smooth ER function
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage calcium ions
32
Rough ER function
aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes, adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins, produces new membrane
33
glycoproteins
most secretory, proteins and carbohydrates covalently bonded
34
transport vesicles
transit from one part of the cell to another
35
golgi apparatus structure
stacks of flattened membranous sacs, has polarity (cis and trans face)
36
cis face
faced towards the ER, receiving
37
trans face
shipping side
38
golgi apparatus function
modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids, synthesis of many polysaccharides, sorting of golgi products and released in vesicles
39
lysosome structure
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)
40
lysosome function
breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged cells for recycling
41
Vacuole structure
large membrane bounded vesicle
42
vacuole function
digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection
43
Mitochondrion structure
bounded by double membrane, inner membrane has infoldings
44
mitochondrion function
Cellular respiration with ATP
45
Chloroplast structure
typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains thylakoids stacked into grana
46
chloroplast function
photosynthesis
47
cytoskeleton
structural support for the cell and in motility and signal transmission
48
microtubules
shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes in dividing cells
49
cilia and flagella
motile appendages containing microtubules primary cilia play sensory and signaling roles
50
microfilaments
thin rods that functioning muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and support microvilli.
51
intermediate filaments
support cell shape and fix organelles in place
52
cell walls
cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins
53
Animal cells secrete glycoproteins and proteoglycans that form
extracellular matrix
54
extracellular matrix
support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
55
Plant cells have ____ that pass through adjoining cell wall
plasmodesmata
56
Animal cells junctions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
57
fluid mosaic model
membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
58
membrane is held together by
hydrophobic interactions, which is weaker then a covalent bond
59
integral proteins
penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
60
peripheral proteins
not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often to exposed integral proteins
61
plasma membrane properties
no free ends, internal space
62
fluid
phospholipid bilayer
63
mosaic
embedded proteins
64
embedded proteins
transport, recognition, receptor
65
transport proteins
channels and carriers
66
receptor proteins
gates and triggers
67
recognition proteins
ID tags
68
cell membrane structure
phospholipid bilayer, proteins transmembrane and interior, carbohydrates to proteins and lipids, cholesterol
69
polar sides of protein
outside the phospholipid
70
types of transport
passive, active
71
passive transport
down concentration gradient, involves proteins called channels, carriers and pores
72
active transport
up concentration gradient, small molecules transported through protein pumps, large molecules transported through vesicles endocytosis and exocytosis
73
exocytosis
transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
74
endocytosis
molecules enter cells within vesicles that pinch inward from the plasma membrane
75
diffusion
spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
76
osmosis
water diffuses out through the permeable membrane of a cell
77
hypertonic
solution outside has a higher solute concentration, water diffuses out
78
hypotonic
solution inside has a lower solute concentration, water diffuses in
79
endocytosis type of enveloping
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated
80
phagocytosis
particulate material
81
pinocytosis
liquid
82
receptor mediated
transport specific molecules
83
passive transport channels
transport water soluble molecules and ions
84
passive transport carriers
transport of ions, sugars, and amino acids
85
passive transport pore
transport water, ions, and organic waste
86
cotransport
coupling of the downhill diffusion of one substance to the uphill transport or another against its own concentration gradient
87
differences between plant and animal cells
plant cell structures: chloroplasts, cell walls, and vacuoles

Biology (8 decks)

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