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Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Haploid (n) gametes

A

Cell that contains a single set of chromosomes such as eggs and sperm cells

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2
Q

Diploid (2n) zygote

A

Formed from a cells of both parents

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3
Q

centromere

A

region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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4
Q

sister chromatids

A

two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere

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5
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

cell has two sets of each chromosome; one of the pair is derived from the mother and the other from the father

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6
Q

karyotype

A

entire set of chromosomes form a single cell

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7
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

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8
Q

genome

A

genetic information

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9
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

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10
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells except reproductive cells

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11
Q

meiosis stages

A

interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, cytokinesis, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis

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12
Q

prophase 1

A

Chromosomes become visible, crossing-over occurs, the nucleolus disappears, the meiotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disappears

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13
Q

metaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes align in an equatorial plane

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14
Q

anaphase 1

A

two chromosomes of each bivalent (tetrad) separate and start moving toward opposite poles of the cell as a result of the action of the spindle

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15
Q

telophase 1

A

Chromosomes decondense, Nuclear membrane forms, Spindle apparatus disappears

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16
Q

cytokinesis

A

Two haploid daughter cells form

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17
Q

prophase 2

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms

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18
Q

sister chromatids remain

A

joined at centromeres throughout meiosis I

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19
Q

kinetochores of sister chromatids attach

A

to the same pole in meiosis 1

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20
Q

DNA replication is suppressed between

A

meiosis I and meiosis II

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21
Q

Meiosis produces

A

haploid cells

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22
Q

independent assortment of chromosomes produces

A

genetically different cells

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23
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei

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24
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

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25
XXX
Female & Sterile
26
XXY
Male & Sterile Klinefelter Syndrome 1/500
27
XO
Female & Sterile Turner Syndrome 1/5000
28
XYY
Male & Fertile Jacob Syndrome 1/1000
29
OY or YY
Nonviable zygote
30
deletion
loss of parts of chromosomes that cause abnormalities
31
duplication
major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution
32
inversion
chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end
33
chromosome structure
DNA, nucleosome, solenoid, scaffold protein, chromatin loop, chromatin loops, chromosome
34
DNA
organized in chromosomes
35
genes
proteins, sequence of nucleotides
36
chromosome contains
DNA double helix, centromere, histones
37
Eukaryotic chromosomes occur in
homologous pairs
38
mitotic cell division
daughter cells identical to parental cells, growth repair and asexual reproduction
39
why do single celled organisms reproduce
reproduction of species
40
why do multicellular organisms reproduce
growth-increase number of cells, maintenance of existing cells, repair of damaged cells
41
cell cycle
mitosis (M), cytokinesis (C), G1, S, G2
42
interphase
G1, S, G2, DNA has replicated and Centrioles replicate
43
G1
primary growth phase
44
S
DNA synthesis – Genome replication
45
G2
Preparation for mitosis – Chromosomes condense – Organelles replicate
46
G0
Resting or expression of cell fate
47
mitosis prophase
uclear membrane disintegrates•Nucleolus disappears•Chromosomes condense •Mitotic spindle begins to form and is complete at end of prophase kinetochores form at centromeres and attach to spindle
48
mitosis metaphase
chromosomes, guided by the spindle fibers, line up in the middle of the dividing cell
49
mitosis anaphase
polar microtubules elongate | Kinetochore microtubules get shorter
50
mitosis telophase
Polar microtubules continue to elongate•Chromosomes reach poles of cell•Kinetochores disappear•Nuclear membrane re-forms•Nucleolus reappears•Chromosomes decondense
51
mitosis cytokinesis
cells plates in plant cells, animal cells form cleavage furrow
52
Rb protein
mutated in 40% of all cancers
53
p53 protein
mutated in 50% of all cancers.
54
genotype
Alleles of an individual PP = homozygous dominant Pp = heterozygous pp = homozygous recessive
55
phenotype
outward appearance
56
why peas?
Many pea varieties were available, Small plants were easy to grow, Peas self-fertilize, Peas cross-fertilize.
57
pea characteristics studied by mendel
flower color, flower position, seed color, seed shape, pod shape, pod color, stem length
58
monohybrid cross
mating between two individuals with different alleles at one genetic locus of interest
59
dihybrid cross
cross between two different lines (varieties, strains) that differ in two observed traits
60
metaphase 2
The chromosomes become arranged on the metaphase plate, much as the chromosomes do in mitosis, and are attached to the now fully formed spindle
61
anaphase 2
The centromeres separate and the sister chromatids—now individual chromosomes—move toward the opposite poles of the cell
62
telophase 2
A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes
63
Mendel’s Principle of Segregation
gametes can only receive one of two alleles.
64
Mendel’s Principle of Dominance
one factor can be preferentially expressed
65
mendels second law of heredity
law of independent assortment states that the alleles of one gene sort into gametes independently of the alleles of another gene
66
incomplete dominance
form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles
67
Rh factor
antigen occurring on the red blood cells of many humans (around 85 percent) and some other primates
68
polygenic inheritance
occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes ex. height weight skin color eye color
69
Cell cultures can reveal genetic disorders based on:
alterations in chromosome number proper enzyme functioning association with known genetic markers

Biology (8 decks)

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