Exam 2 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Load is an __________ force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the __________
A
External
Tissue
2
Q
Stiffness
A
Ability of a tissue to resist a load
3
Q
Internal resistance to a load
A
Stress
4
Q
T/F
Strain is an internal change in tissue(length) resulting in deformation
A
True
5
Q
Yield point
A
Point at which elasticity is almost exceeded
6
Q
Tension
A
Force that pulls and stretches tissue
7
Q
Compression loading is the _________ that results tissue crush-2 forces applied towards one another
A
Force
8
Q
Force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue
A
Shearing
9
Q
Bending is the combination of which 2 forces
A
Tension and compression forces
10
Q
Wolfffs law
A
Bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease
11
Q
T/F
Osteoclasts are the cells that eat away old bone; decrease bone mass
A
True
12
Q
Osteoblasts are ______ that .form bone increases bone ________; take minerals from the blood and deposit them in the bone
A
Cells
Mass
13
Q
Closed fractures
A
Those where there is little movement or displacement
14
Q
Open fractures involve displacement of the ______________ ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue
A
Fractured
15
Q
Green stick
A
Bends/ cracks
16
Q
Comminuted
A
More than 2
17
Q
Linear
A
Vertical axis
18
Q
Transverse
A
Transverse axis
19
Q
Oblique
A
Random angle
20
Q
Spiral
A
Torsion
21
Q
Impacted
A
Compressed
22
Q
Depressed
A
Blunt force
23
Q
T/F
Stress fractures have no specific cause but with a number of possible causes
A
True
24
Q
Characteristics of muscles
A
Irritability
Contractability
Extensibility
Elasticity
25
Stretch, tear or rip adjacent to muscle
Muscle strain
26
How do muscle strain occur
- Failure in reciprocal coordination of agonist and antagonist
- electrolyte imbalance
- strength imbalance
27
Muscle strain grade 1: some fibers have been _______________ or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active _____, movement painfulbut full range present
Stretched
| ROM
28
Muscle strain grade 2: Number of fibers have been _______ and active contraction is painful, usually a _______________ or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result
Torn
| Depression
29
Muscle strain grade 3: complete rupture of ________ or musculotendinous junction, significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that ________________ due to nerve damage
Muscle
| Diminishes
30
Painful involuntary skeletal muscle contraction
Muscle cramps
31
Muscle guarding follows ________, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize _______ through limitation of motion
Injury
| Pain
32
A reflex reaction caused by trauma(when tissues are irritated)
Muscle spasms
33
Muscle soreness
Overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain
34
Two types of muscle soreness
- Acute onset: accompanies fatigue, and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise
- delayed onset: pain that occurs 24-48 hrs following activity that gradually subsides
35
Tendinitis
Inflammation of the tendon
36
Tendinosis
Without proper healing, tendinitis may begin to degenerate and result in tendinosis
37
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of synovial sheath
38
Results of sudden blow to body
Contusions
39
T/F
| Ligament grade 1 ligaments are stretched or slightly torn
True
40
Grade 2 ligament sprains ligaments are ______________ torn
Partially
41
ligaments are completely torn
Grade 3 ligaments
42
Partial dislocation causing incomplete separation of two bones
Subluxation
43
Dislocations
Occurs when at least 1 bone in a joint is forced out of alignment and must be manually or surgically reduced
- usually in fingers and shoulder
44
Osteoarthritis
- wearing away of hyaline cartilage
| - changes in joint mechanics lead to joint degeneration
45
The three phases of the inflammatory response
- inflammatory response phase
- fibroblastic repair phase
- maturation and remodeling phase
46
Factors that impede healing
```
Severity of injury
Poor blood supply
Muscle spasm
Atrophy
Infection
Age/health
```
47
Role of progressive mobilization: initially must maintain some ___________________ in order to allow for Indian healing
Immobilization
48
The healing process of cartilage:
- Initially must maintain some __________________ in order to allow initial healing
- as healing move into _________ phase controlled activity should be added
- during remodeling aggressive ROM and ____________ exercises should be incorporated
Immobilization
Repair
Strength
49
Reactive phases
Reaction to injury
Reaction to rehabilitation
Reaction to return to play or termination of career
50
The athletes sociological response to injury
- following long term rehabilitation the athlete may feel alienated from team
- views of involvement and interaction with coaches and athletes may be disrupted
- relationships may become strained
51
The care professional needs to do for athlete
```
Know your athlete
Be a good listener
Find out what the problem is
Be aware of body language
Project a caring image
Explain the injury to the patient
Manage the stress of the injury
Help the athlete return to competition
```
52
Psychological approach to various phases of rehab:
- with changes in ________________ and exercise, psychological issues must be ______________
- immediate ______ injury
Modalities
Addressed
Post
53
Some engage in irrational thinking and negative self talk
Cognitive restructuring
54
Thought stopping: excellent _______________ technique used to overcome worries and doubts
- thought stopping involves focusing __________________ thoughts and stopping them on command
Cognitive
| Undesired
55
Imagery
Use of senses to create or recreate an experience in the mind
- visual images used in rehab process include visual rehearsal and body rehearsal
56
Three methods used to reduce pain
Tension reduction
Attention diversion
Altering pain sensation
57
Mental disorders
Any disorder that affects the mind or behavior
58
Pathological disturbance in cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning or impulse control
Personality disorder
59
Why the first hour of injury is known as the “golden hour”
Mistakes in initial injury management can prolong the length of time required for rehabilitation or cause life threatening situations to arise
60
Principles of on the field injury assessment:
- divided into __________ and secondary survey
- determine nature of __________
- Provides information regarding direction of ______________
Primary
Injury
Treatment
61
Primary survey
Performed initially to establish presence of life-threatening condition
- airway, breathing, circulation, shock and severe bleeding
62
Secondary survey:
- life threatening condition ruled out
- assess _______ signs and perform more detailed ______________ ofconditions that do not pose life threatening consequences
Vital
| Evaluation
63
Skin color changes after injury
- red: elevated temp, heat _________, or high blood pressure
- _________: insufficient circulation, shock, fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustion, or insulin shock
- blue: __________ obstruction or _______________ insufficiency
Stroke
White
Airway; respiratory
64
Constricted pupils may indicate use of_______________ drugs
Depressants
65
_________ pupils may indicate head injury, shock, use of stimulant
Dilated
66
The four assessment decisions
- Seriousness of injury
- Type of first aid and immobilization required
- Need for immediate referral
- Type of transportation from field to sideline training room or hospital
67
T/F
| Immediate treatment primary goal is to limit swelling and extent of hemorrhaging
True
68
Rice
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
69
The four distinct evaluation of injuries
Pre-participation( prior to season)
On the field assessment
Off the field evaluation (clinic or training room)
Progress evaluation
70
The four components of off the field injury evaluation (hops)
History
Observation
Palpation
Special tests
71
The classification of therapeutic modalities
Thermal conductive energy
Cryotherapy
Electrical energy
Sound energy
72
Physiological effects of heat:
Increase collagen ___________________, decreasing joint stiffness, _____________ pain, relieving muscle spasms, reduction of edema and ____________, increasing blood flow
Extensibility
Reducing
Swelling
73
Physiological effects of cold
Vasoconstriction- reflex action
_________ viscosity
______________ extent of hypoxic injury to cells
Blood
| Decreases
74
Electrical energy modalities
Electricity is applied to nerve tissue at certain intensities and duration to reach tissue excitability threshold
