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psy 101 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

three stages of memory

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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2
Q

encoding

A

involves forming a memory code. you emphasize something about it to make it stick in your memory

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3
Q

involves forming a memory code. you emphasize something about it to make it stick in your memory

A

encoding

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4
Q

storage

A

involves maintaining coded information in memory over time.

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5
Q

involves maintaining coded information in memory over time.

A

storage

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6
Q

retrieval

A

involves recovering information from memory stores.

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7
Q

involves recovering information from memory stores.

A

retrieval

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8
Q

attention

A

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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9
Q

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

A

attention

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10
Q

depth perception

A

brain uses retinal disparity to calculate how far something is

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11
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference between the views in each eye

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12
Q

difference between the views in each eye

A

retinal disparity

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13
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

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14
Q

REM sleep characteristics

A

active brain but muscles are immobilized. the stages lengthen over time, the brain is processing things.

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15
Q

the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

A

circadian rhythm

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16
Q

non-REM sleep

A

brain is resting but muscles can move, four stages and back before REM sleep.

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17
Q

sleep stage progression

A

1 to four, then back to one, then REM sleep. REM sleep lengthens throughout night

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18
Q

historical thought on importance of dreams

A

manifestations of our wishes/hopes, creative problem solving, or random bursts of neural activity

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19
Q

current thinking on dreams

A

represent fragments of memories being transferred to long-term

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20
Q

sleep deprivation affects

A

reduced brain activity during hard tasks.

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21
Q

ivan pavlov dog experiment

A

food made the dogs slobber, he began ringing a tuning fork when giving them their food and after some time they salivated just like with food just at hearing tuning fork

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22
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response

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23
Q

a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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24
Q

unconditioned response

A

a natural response from an unconditioned stimulus

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25
a natural response from an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
26
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that typically has no response
27
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that typically has no response but is trained to give a response (same as neutral stimulus)
28
conditioned response
the response that you get from the conditioned stimulus after conditioning, when usually you would get no response
29
acqusition
the formation of a new response/tendency
30
the formation of a new response/tendency
acquisition
31
extinction
when a conditioned response becomes less frequent, then disappears altogether
32
when a conditioned response becomes less frequent, then disappears altogether
extinction
33
generalization
conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli
34
conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli
generalization
35
discrimination
conditioned response is only elicited by the specific conditioned stimuli (opposite of generalization)
36
fixed ratio
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of repetitions
37
variable ratio
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of repetitions
38
fixed interval
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of time
39
variable interval
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of time
40
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of repetitions
fixed ratio
41
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of repetitions
variable ratio
42
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of time
fixed interval
43
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of time
variable interval
44
positive reinforcement and example
giving something in order to increase a behavior
45
negative reinforcement and example
taking away something in order to increase a behavior
46
positive punishment and example
giving something in order to decrease a behavior
47
negative punishment and example
taking away something in order to decrease a behavior
48
giving something in order to increase a behavior
positive reinforcement
49
taking away something in order to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement
50
giving something in order to decrease a behavior
positive punishment
51
taking away something in order to decrease a behavior
negative punishment
52
observational learning
learning behaviors and patterns by observing others
53
attention and encoding interaction
you have to be paying close attention
54
shaping
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior, until you reach the goal behavior
55
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior, until you reach the goal behavior
shaping
56
sensory memory
very brief trace of sensation (what something looked/sounded/felt like), goes into STM
57
short term memory (STM)
about 20 seconds long, capacity of 7 plus or minus 2
58
working memory
Using/manipulating information in STM
59
long term memory (what part of the brain)
the hippocampus converts short-term memories to long term. they can theoretically be remembered indefinitely but memories can be manipulated into existing. ("lost in the mall" study)
60
recall
reproducing information with no real cues
61
reproducing information with no real cues
recall
62
recognition
matching things to memories
63
matching things to memories
recognition
64
how can you improve your LTM?
full attention, rehearsing, retrieval cues, review.
65
model of memory process
(next tab)
66
confirmation bias
Tendency to believe and remember information that confirms what we already think
67
Tendency to believe and remember information that confirms what we already think
confirmation bias
68
representative heuristic
Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes
69
Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes
representative heuristic
70
availability heuristic
Judging likelihood based on examples that immediately come to mind
71
Judging likelihood based on examples that immediately come to mind
availability heuristic
72
gambler's fallacy
Belief that the probability of something increases if it hasn’t happened in a while
73
Belief that the probability of something increases if it hasn’t happened in a while
gambler's fallacy
74
Simons Theory of Bounded Rationality
When making decisions, we balance available information with cognitive shortcuts – this often leads to mistakes
75
When making decisions, we balance available information with cognitive shortcuts – this often leads to mistakes
Simons Theory of Bounded Rationality
76
IQ tests
originally used to predict school performance (aptitude). scores most heavily/average on 100. 130 is gifted, 70 is developmentally delayed.
77
flynn effect
average score of IQs is increasing
78
Gardner's theory of intelligence
there are multiple kinds of intelligence not just one.

psy 101 (4 decks)

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