Exam 3

Question 1

Genie and development

Answer 1

locked in a room and isolated until age 13, would never be the same as other humans. told us environment and nurture is crucial.

Question 2

Harry Harlow Experiment

Answer 2

Harry Harlow and the terry cloth monkeys. the monkeys were attached to the terry cloth mothers even if fed by the wire mothers. he argued that therefore it’s more about comfort than about reinforcement because the feeding.

Question 3

John Bowlby thoughts

Answer 3

biological basis for attachment. babies are hard-wired to be cute (smiling, clinging, cooing, etc) and this triggers an affectionate response from adults.

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth attachment styles

Answer 4

1. secure attachment
2. anxious-ambivalent attachment
3. avoidant attachment

Question 5

secure attachment

Answer 5

babies explore comfortably with their mothers present and are upset when she leaves, but are calmed when she returns

Question 6

babies explore comfortably with their mothers present and are upset when she leaves, but are calmed when she returns

Answer 6

secure attachment

Question 7

anxious ambivalent attachment

Answer 7

anxious even when mother is near and worse when she leaves but not comforted on return

Question 8

anxious even when mother is near and worse when she leaves but not comforted on return

Answer 8

anxious ambivalent attachment

Question 9

avoidant attachment

Answer 9

seek little attachment with mother and aren’t distressed when she leaves

Question 10

seek little attachment with mother and aren’t distressed when she leaves

Answer 10

avoidant attachment

Question 11

kohlbergs 3 stages

Answer 11

1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional

Question 12

preconventional stage

Answer 12

focus on self, seeks rewards or avoids punishment

Question 13

conventional stage

Answer 13

focus on others. either obeying laws and authority or getting along with others

Question 14

postconventional stage

Answer 14

focus on justice. societal rules have exceptions or led by deep personal beliefs.

Question 15

what language abilities are innate/do we lose?

Answer 15

we can distinguish between all speech sounds but lose the ability for sounds that we never hear (other languages).

Question 16

language development timeline

Answer 16

babbling: 6 months
first word: 10-12 months
vocab spurt: around 18 months (everything has a name!)
2-3 years: sentences (telegraphic speech)
4 years onward: grammar slowly progresses

Question 17

Jean Piaget and knowledge

Answer 17

we construct knowledge by learning from our environment. learning happens when we are faced with new things that don’t fit with our current knowledge.

Question 18

4 stages of Piaget’s cognitive development

Answer 18

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational

Question 19

sensorimotor stage of development

Answer 19

stage where you exploring objects through interaction and sensory input. they learn object permanence by the end of this stage

Question 20

preoperational

Answer 20

stage where you acquire language to refer to things, don’t understand principle of conservation (pouring water into different cups), and can’t mentally undo things (irreversibility)

Question 21

exploring objects through interaction and sensory input. they learn object permanence by the end of this stage

Answer 21

sensorimotor stage of development

Question 22

acquire language to refer to things, don’t understand principle of conservation (pouring water into different cups), and can’t mentally undo things (irreversibility)

Answer 22

preoperational stage of development

Question 23

concrete operational

Answer 23

stage where you think logically about concrete things, lots of categorization

Question 24

think logically about concrete things, lots of categorization

Answer 24

concrete operational

Question 25

formal operational

Answer 25

stage where you reason about abstract ideas

Question 26

stage where you reason about abstract ideas

Answer 26

formal operational

Question 27

Lev Vygotsky and knowledge

Answer 27

we construct knowledge through interactions with a more knowledgeable other (MKO). learning is a social activity

Question 28

zone of proximal development

Answer 28

things we are able to do with the help of others. it expands as we do more actions in it because we learn it.

Question 29

Freud's theory of personality

Answer 29

id: subconscious desires and motivators in personality. all subconscious, the most primitive ego: rational and pragmatic. partly conscious and partly subconscious. balances id and superego superego: "conscious"/moral compass

Question 30

Eysenck and personality traits

Answer 30

extroverted/introverted. stable emotions and unstable emotions.

Question 31

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 31

first basic needs, then psychological needs, then self-fulfillment needs.

Question 32

what kinds of things influence our perceptions of others?

Answer 32

physical characteristics, whether they are in the ingroup vs. outgroup, bias, etc.

Question 33

ingroups/ outgroups

Answer 33

people fitting in or sticking out and being a member of society or being a loner

Question 34

explicit bias

Answer 34

beliefs we know we consciously have and acting upon them

Question 35

implicit bias

Answer 35

beliefs we don't realize we have and may affect our behavior

Question 36

confirmation bias

Answer 36

we tend to interpret things in a way that verifies our existing beliefs (canadians all like hockey, and the ones we meet who don't are exceptions)

Question 37

cognitive dissonance

Answer 37

holding one thing to be an absolute truth in your mind and the outliers are exceptions

Question 38

bernard weiner's model of attribution

Answer 38

source (internal/ external) stability (stable [fixed] unstable [temporary])

Question 39

fundamental attribution error

Answer 39

we attribute other people's actions to internal factors (their talent/effort) and our own actions to external factors (task difficulty/luck)

Question 40

we attribute other people's actions to internal factors (their talent/effort) and our own actions to external factors (task difficulty/luck)

Answer 40

fundamental attribution error

Question 41

self serving bias

Answer 41

success is due to internal factors, failure is due to external factors

Question 42

success is due to internal factors, failure is due to external factors

Answer 42

self serving bias

Question 43

self-effacing bias (modesty bias)

Answer 43

success is due to external factors, failure is due to internal factors

Question 44

success is due to external factors, failure is due to internal factors

Answer 44

self-effacing bias (modesty bias)

Question 45

who did the terry cloth monkeys. the monkeys were attached to the terry cloth mothers even if fed by the wire mothers. he argued that therefore it's more about comfort than about reinforcement because the feeding.

Answer 45

Harry Harlow

Question 46

who theorized biological basis for attachment. babies are hard-wired to be cute (smiling, clinging, cooing, etc) and this triggers an affectionate response from adults.

Answer 46

John Bowlby

Question 47

who came up with three attachment style 1. secure attachment 2. anxious-ambivalent attachment 3. avoidant attachment

Answer 47

Mary Ainsworth

Question 48

how do we gain knowledge according to piaget

Answer 48

interacting with our environment?