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Brain And Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Law of specific nerve energies

A

Any nerve only has one input job

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Absorbing stimuli from sensory organs

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Converting stim into nerve signal

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4
Q

Perception

A

How we put signals together to form the world

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5
Q

Pupil

A

Center opening that lets light in

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6
Q

Cornea lens retina

A

Cornea and lens focus light to back of eye which is retina contralateral stuff

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7
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Neurons that get info from rods and cone

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8
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Recieve info from bipolar cells and form optic nerve

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9
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Inhibitory interneuronts that are for input from photoreceptors

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10
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Regulate input from bipolar cells

For shapes and movements

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11
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves back of eye and has no receptors

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12
Q

What makes predatory birds eyes special

A

They have more receptors on top of eye to see down for hunting
Conversely rats of more on bottom for avoiding predators

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13
Q

Fovea

A

Center of retina for detailed vision

Connects to single bipolar cell and midget ganglion celll for direct line to the brain

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14
Q

Rods

A

Most abundant in periphery

Photoreceptor for light not color

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15
Q

Cones

A

Mostly in fovea
Color vision
90% of input even tho way less of them than rods

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16
Q

Photopigments

A

Chemicals that release energy when struck with light

This is how cones work

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17
Q

Opsins

A

Something to do with photopigments that changes wavelength sensitivity

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18
Q

What about light makes color

A

Wavelength

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19
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Ratio of relative response of the 3 (red blue green) cones blends to make all visible

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20
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Paired opposites so like red to green or white to black so its based on like backgrounds and its teh one where you see the negative image

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21
Q

Color constancy

A

Ability to recognize color despite lighting changes

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22
Q

Retainex theory

A

Cortex compares infor from various parts to determine brightness and color
Uses environmental context

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23
Q

Color vision deficiency

A

Impairment seeing color differences

Genetic and caused by lack of cone type or cone abnormality

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24
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Part of thalamus for specialized visual perception

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25
Lateral inhibition
Reduction of neuronal activity caused by activity in neighboring neurons
26
Receptive field
Part of visual field that causes response in cells
27
Primary visual cortex
Receives info from LGN for first stage of visual processing
28
Blind sight
Damage to v1 not eyes so eyes work but cant use visual info
29
Secondary visual cortex v2
Second step for processing and sending
30
Simple cells
In v1 only Orientation sensitive Has excitatory and inhibitory zones that are intuitively named
31
Complex cells
V1 and v2 | Moving stimuli
32
End-stopped/hypercomplex cells
Has large inhibitory area so responds to bar stuff to a certain point
33
Feature detectors
Respond to particular feature
34
Sensitive period
In development when you need exposure to stimuli or your brain wont really recognzie it
35
Retinal disparity
Difference betweeen info from both eyes that used for depth perception
36
Ventral stream
What
37
Dorsal stream
Where for motor system
38
Inferior temporal cortex
Cells for recognizing complex shapes
39
Visual agnostic
Can't recognize objects despite normal vision
40
Prospagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
41
Area v4
Color constancy
42
V5
Movement in particular direction
43
Medial superior temporal cortex
Expand/contract or rotate visual scene
44
Motion blindness
Inability to see if its movingd | Damage to MT
45
Amplitude for audition
Loudness
46
Frequency for audition
Pitch
47
Steps for sound
1 external and middle ear collect and amplify pressure | Step 2 innear ear breaks into simpler components and is transduced into nerve signals
48
Outer ear
Pinna is ear lobe Concha And ear canal (auditory meatus)
49
Tympanic membrane
In middle ear Is ear drum Vibrates with sound waves Connected to the ossicles and oval window
50
Oval window
Membrane in inner ear
51
Impedance matching
Conversion process i guess
52
Ossicles
Malleus (hammer) Incus - anvil Stapes - stirrup
53
Hair cells
In cochlea | Get moved by fluid and excite nerve cells
54
Place theory
Each basilar membrane section has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound
55
Frequency theory
Basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with sound causing auditory nerve axons to produce APs at same frequency of sound
56
Current pitch theory
Combo of place and frequency theories High is explained by place Low by freq But middle?
57
Volley principle
Cells take turns firing i guess
58
Amusia
Impaired detection of frequency changes | Tone deaf
59
Primary auditory cortex
Destination for auditory info
60
Tonotopic
Tones are next to each other i guess
61
Conductive deafness
Middle ear Can't transmit right Surgery of hearing aids
62
Nerve deafness
Inner ear Damage to cochlea or nerves Causes tinnitus
63
Tinnitus
Constant ringing
64
Cochlear implants
Bypass ear and stimulate cell directly
65
Sound localization
Depends on compared responses Sound shadow - created by head cuz closer ear hears louder Difference in time of arrival Phase difference
66
Vestibular sense
Head position and movement
67
Otoliths
Calcium carbonate particles in vestibular organ that push hair cells when tilting
68
Semicircular canals
In VO | Have jelly that touches hair cells when head moves
69
Dermatome
Map of where spinal nerve innervates skin
70
Parallel processing
Various body sensations remain separate in cortex
71
Pain
Nociception Least specialized receptors with bare nerve endings Can be fast or slow but generally slower than touch cuz of unmyelination
72
Itch
Pain suppresses
73
Labeled line principle
Each receptor responds to limited range
74
Across fiber pattern
Each receptor responds to wider re age of stim and contributes to perception overall
75
Papillae
Structure on tongue that containe taste buds
76
Adaptation
Reduced perception of stimuli from receptor fatigue
77
Cross adaptation
Reduces response to one stim after exposure to another
78
Ionotropic tastes
Salty, sour
79
Metabotropic
Sweet Bitter Umami
80
Nucleus of the tractus solitaries
Area in medulla for taste
81
Insula
Primary taste cortex
82
Supertasters
High sensitivities and more picky
83
Olfactory cells
Epithelium of rear nasal passageway More subject to adaptation than other senses Metabotropic response ot chemicals outside membrane Olfactory bulb straight ot cortex
84
Vomeronasal organ
Receptors near olfactory receptors | Sensitive to pheromones
85
Pheoromeones
Chems released by animals to affect behavior of others of same species
86
Synesthesia
Experience of one sense in response to stim of a different sense like seeing color
87
Main skeletal muscle NT
Acetylcholine
88
Fast vs slow and aerobic vis anaerobic
Know this
89
Muscle spindles
Proporiceptors that respond to stretch
90
Golgi tendon organ
Responds to increase in muscle tension
91
Ballistic movement
Can't be stopped or corrected after start
92
Central pattern generators
Neural circuits that produce specific rhythmic movements without conscious effort
93
Motor program
Fixed sequence liike yawning or cats grooming
94
Posterior parietal cortex
Keeps track of body position
95
Supplementary motor cortex
Planning for specific order
96
Premotor
Active during prep
97
Prefrontal cortex
Plans according to outcomes
98
Antisaccade task
Look in opposite direction from moving object | Requires sustained prefrontal and BG stuff cuz it's voluntary and counter intuitive
99
Mirror neurons
Active during prep and watching others do
100
Lateral corticosppinal tract
Red nucleus For movement in periphery Crosses in brainstem
101
Medial corticospinal tract
Controls like trunk and walking | Crosses in SC
102
Purkinje cells
Flat and parallel in sequential planes for cerebellum timing efficiency
103
Parallel fibers
Axons parallel to one another perpendicular to planes of purkinje cells to excite one after another for timing efficiency in cerebellum
104
Basal Ganglia
Initiating action without stimuli
105
Globus palliudus
Inhibits thalamus which therefore inhibits thalamus from saying go to motor cortex
106
Caudate/putamen
Input from cortex Inhibit GP Need dopamine from substantia nigra BG select movement by ceasing to inhibit it
107
Motor learning
BG for new stuff | Motor cortex calms down as its learned
108
Readiness potential
Motor cortex activity that occurs before any voluntary movement Present before we even consciously decide to move
109
Parkinson's
Death of substantia Nigra so no dopamine so less stim of motor cortex

Brain And Behavior (3 decks)

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