Exam 3 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
Biological processes that keep certain body variabls within fixed ranger
2
Q
Set point
A
Single value the body works to maintain
3
Q
Negative feedback
A
Processes that reduce discrepencies from the set point
4
Q
Allostasis
A
Adaptive way the body changes its set point in response to environmental changes
5
Q
Basal metabolism
A
Energy used to maintain constant body temperature while at rest
6
Q
Poikilothermic
A
Body temperature matches environment like cold blooded
7
Q
Homeothermic
A
Internal phyisological mechanisms to marinating body temp like warm blooded stuff
8
Q
Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (pop/ah)
A
Regulates body temperature
9
Q
Vasopressin
A
Antidirutetic hormaone
From hypothalamus
Makes you lose LESS water
10
Q
Osmotic thirst
A
From eating salty foods
Too high solute concentration
Pressure detected by volt and subfornical organ (leaky blood brain barrier)
11
Q
Hypovolemic thirst
A
From loss of fluids like bleeding or sweating
Triggered by vasopressin and angiotensin II
12
Q
Osmotic pressure
A
Tendency of water to flow across a membrane from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
13
Q
Supraotoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
A
Both control rate at which posterior pituitary releases vasopressin
Important in osmotic thirst
14
Q
Angiotensin II
A
Constricts blood vessels and increases drinking for Hypovolemic thirst
15
Q
Sodium specific hunger
A
Strong salty food cravings
To restore blood solute levels
Aldosterone changes taste receptors
16
Q
What should you drink when
A
Osmotic - pure water to dilute
Hypovolemic - salty water to rehydrate overall
17
Q
Sham feeding experiments
A
Chew and swallow but food doesnt reach stomach
Did not reach satiatiety
18
Q
Main signal to stop eating
A
Distinction (stretch) of stomach or duodenum
19
Q
Duodenum
A
Part of small intestine where initial nutrient absorption occurs
20
Q
Vagus nerve
A
Conveys no about stomach stretch to brain
21
Q
Splanchnic nerve
A
Convey info about nutrient contents of stomach
22
Q
CCK
A
Regulates hunger
Released by duodenum
Closes sphincter
23
Q
Insulin
A
Enables glucose to enter cells
24
Q
Lepton
A
Signals the Brian to decrease eating
25
Arcuate nucleus
Master area of control of appetite
| Part of hypothalamus
26
Ghrelin
Axons release this NT in brain and hormone in stomach to make hungry
27
Paraventricular nucleus
Inhibits lateral hypothalamus
| Important for satiety
28
Melanocortin
Chemical important for limiting food intake
29
Orexin
Released by lateral hypothalamus
Increases persistence in seeking food
Responds to incentives and reinforcement
30
Ventormedial hypothalamus
Inhibits feeding
| Damage causes over eating
31
Mutated gene receptor to melanocortin
Overeat and become obese
| Usually a neuropeptide that limits food intake
32
Syndrome obesity
Caused by medical condition like prader-William syndrome
33
Prader-William syndrome
Genetic condition marked by mental retardation
Short and fat
Ghrelin 5x
34
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which people alternate between extreme dieting and binges of overeating
35
James-Lange theory of emotion
Autonomic arousal & skeletal action occur first in emotion
Felt emotion is label to arousal of organ or muscle
Result of body action like SUDDEN onset of panic attack symptoms
36
Möbius syndrome
Can't move face
| Proof that emotions dont require body movement
37
Behavioral activation system
Activation of frontal and temporal lobe in left hem
Approach
Low to moderate arousal
Happy or angry
38
Behavioral inhibition system
Front and temp in right side
Attention and arousal
Inhibits action
Emotions such as fear and disgust
39
Emotion practical?
Quick and moral decisions
40
Hormones
Also influence aggressive behavior
| Like testosterone
41
Triple imbalance hypothesis
Violence depends on testosterone cortisol and serotonin
Aggression highest when cortisol is low, and test is high
Serotonin inhibits violent tendencies
42
Low serotonin release
Aggressive behavior
43
Startle reflex
Ultra fast response to unexpected noise
Present in infants
Can be reduced by mood or situation
44
Amygdala
Responds to fear stim directed at u not just near you
| Also to stuff not percieved
45
Damage to amygdala
Does not result in loss of emotion
Impairs emotional processsing
Recognize cognitive aspects still but dont really feel
46
Urbach wiethe disease
Genetic condition of calcium build up in amygdala until it wastes away
47
Panic disorders
Frequent periods of anxiety and occialsolnal attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating trembling
Less gaba more orexin
48
Anxiety disorder drugs
Benzodiazepine - facilitates effects of GABA
49
Propanolol
Drug that interferes with protein synthesis at synapses in amygdala`
50
Stress
Non specific response of body to any demand made upon it
51
General adaptation syndrome
```
Regardless of type of threat
Stages:
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
```
52
Alarm stage
Increased sympathetic NS activity
53
Resistance stage
Sympathetic response declines
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol and other hormones
Prolonged alertness, fight infections
54
Exhaustion stage
Occurs after prolonged stress
| Inactivity, vulnerability and decreased energy
55
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
| Prepares for briefe emergency response
56
HPA axis
Hypothalamus pituitary gland and adrenal cortex
| Second system activated by stress
57
ACTH
From pituitarty cuz of hypothalamus
| Causes secretion of cortisol
58
Cortisol
Stress hormone
| Mobilizes energies
59
Cytokines
Produced by leukocytes
Combat infection
Communicate to brain to inform of illness
In Brian can produce symptoms like fever/ sleepiness to conserve energy or directly combat illness
60
Conditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus to be paired (the bell)
61
Unconditional stimulus
Automatically results in response (the food)
62
Unconditioned response
Result of UCS like drooling for food
63
Conditioned response
Like drooling for belll not food after pairing
64
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Responses followed by reinforcement or punishment ot weaken or strenght Em behavior
65
Reinforcers
Events that increase probability of response again
| Like giving a treat for sitting
66
Punishment
Event that decreases the probability that response will occur again
Zapping for picking wrong door
67
Engrams
Physical representation of memory
Lashley tested by cutting
Accross cortex connections not the only thing that matters
68
Equipotentiallity
All parts of cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors liike learnign
69
Mass action
Cortex as a whole not as units
70
Cerebellum
Condition has changes in LIP
| Possible relay location
71
Short term memory
Memory of events that have just occurred
72
Long term memory
Memory of events from times further back
73
Differences between stm and lum
Limited capacity in stm
STM fades quickly w/o training
Memories gone from stm are gone forever but long term can be found again with work
74
Consolidation
Turning into ltm
75
Reconsolidaiton
Memory strengthened again by a process that requires protein synthesis
76
Working memory
Temporyrary infor actively being worked on
77
Delayed response task
Common test of WM
| Requires responding to something you heard or saw a short while ago
78
Prefrontal cortex
working memory storage
79
Amnesia
Loss of memory
| Damage in hippocampus because it is for formation and retreival
80
Anterograde amnesia
Can't form new memories
81
Retrograde
Loss of memory prior to event
82
HM
Hippocampus out for seizures
Super bad anterograde amnesia
Better implicit than explicit memory
83
Explicit memory
Deliberate recall of info that one recognizes as memory (conscioius)
84
Implicit memory
Influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory
85
Episodic memory
Ability to recall single events
86
Declarative memory
Ability to state a memory in words
87
Procedural memory
Ability to develop motor skills like how to do things
| Type of implicit
88
Amnesia general symptoms
```
Normal working memory
Difficuliut y form in declarative men's
Some degree of retrograde
Better implicit than explicit
Nearly intact procedural
```
89
Hippocampus main
Declarative
Spatial
Context
90
Delayed matching to sample
Damage to hippi
| Subject sees object and must later choos object that mathces it like monkey picking up circle twice not square
91
Delayed non matching to sample
Subject sees object and later must choose the object that is different than the sample like picking circle then square
92
Radial mazes
Subject must navigate maze with 8 or more arms with reinforcer at the end
93
Morris water maze
Rat swims in murky water to find rest platform just underneath
94
Basal ganglia
Implicit and habit learning
| Strategy
95
Korsakoff's syndrome
Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency
A path y confusion confabulation
Shrinkage of thalamus
Can't get glucose
96
Confabulation
Taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory
97
Alzheimer's disease
Gradually progressive loss of memory
| Clumping of proteins
98
Amyloid beta proteins
Produces atrophy of cerebral cortex
| Plaques
99
Tau protein
Altered form
Part of intracellular support system for neurons
Tangles
100
Amygdala
Fear learnign
101
Parietal lobe
Piecing info together
102
Semantic dementia
Loss of semantic memory
| Anterior temporal lobe
103
Prefrontal cortex
Learning rewards and punishment
Basal ganglia
Opt for immmediate rewarded
104
Hebbbian synapse
Successful stimulation of a cell by an axon enhances the axons ability to stimulate that cell in the future
Fire together wire together
105
Aplysia
Slug like invertebrate with large neurons
| Good for studying habituationa don sensitization
106
Habituation
Decreases in response to stimulus presented repeatedly accompanied by no change in other stimuli
Stop getting such a big result
107
Sensitization
Increase in response to mild stimulius as a result of exposure to more intense
Prolonged NT release
108
Long term potentiation
Occurs when axons bombard a dendrite with rapid series of stimulation
Leaves 'potentiated' so more likely to fire
Might be cellular basis of learning
109
Properties of LTP
Specificity
Cooperatively
Associativity
110
Specificity
Only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become stronger
111
Cooperatively
Simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP more strongly than single axon
112
Associativity
Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to weak input
113
Long term depression
Prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others
Compensatory to balance LTP
114
Glutamate receptors
Both ionotropic
AMPA
NMDA - coincidence detector is blocked by Mg
115
LTP process
Na thru AMPA depolarizers to remove Mg letting glutamate open NMDA to let sodium and calcium in
Ca potentiates and leads to more AMPA receptors being made
116
Changes in presynaptic side from LTP
```
Retrograde transmitter comes back to
Decrease AP threshold
Increase NT relases
Expand axon
Transmit release from additional sites
```
117
LTP reflects
Increased activity by presynaptic neuron
| Increased responsive ness of postsynaptic neuron
