Exam 2 Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
With most energy not able to be seen, how can we detect it?
A
Heat is our means of detection
2
Q
Substrate Metabolism Efficiency for ATP and Heat
A
40% of Substrate Energy –> ATP 60% of Substrate Energy -> Heat
3
Q
What is Direct Room Calorimetry?
A
Measuring all mechanics related to energy production such as Heat and Gases
4
Q
What is Indirect Calorimetry?
A
Estimates total body energy expenditure based on O2 used, and CO2 produced.
5
Q
What does Indirect Calorimetry measure?
A
Measures respiratory gas concentrations
6
Q
Indirect Calorimetry only accurate for?
A
Oxidative Metabolism. Only good for up to VO2max and below!
7
Q
What is VO2?
A
Volume of O2 consumed per minute. OR Rate of O2 Consumption
8
Q
VO2: O2 usage during metabolism depends on
A
type of fuel being oxidized.
9
Q
VO2: What happens if more carbon atoms are in molecule?
A
More O2 is needed.
10
Q
VO2: Equation
A
Glucose (C6H12O6) < Palmitic Acid (C16H32O2)
11
Q
What is VCO2?
A
Volume of CO2 produced per minute. OR Rate of CO2 production
12
Q
What does RER stand for??
A
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
13
Q
What is the Respiratory Exchange Ratio?
A
Ratio between rates of CO2 production and O2 use.
14
Q
Formula for RER?
A
VCO2 / VO2
15
Q
RER for 1 Molecule Glucose?
A
1.0
16
Q
What is primarily consumed with a RER of 1.0?
A
Carbohydrates
17
Q
RER for 1 Molecule Palmitic Acid?
A
0.70
18
Q
What is primarily consumed with a RER of 0.7?
A
Fats
19
Q
Formula for 1 Glucose Molecule?
A
6 O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP
20
Q
RER for Glucose?
A
6 CO2 / 6 O2 = 1.0
21
Q
Formula for 1 Molecule Palmitic Acid?
A
23 O2 + C16H32O2 -> 16 CO2 + 16 H2O + 106 ATP
22
Q
RER for Palmitic Acid?
A
16 CO2 / 23 O2 = 0.7
23
Q
Assumptions for Gas Measurement of O2?
A
Storage of O2 is constant
24
Q
Assumptions for Gas Measurement of CO2?
A
CO2 breathed off is equal to CO2 production at cells
25
Assumptions for Gas Measurements of CO2 Produced Via
Energy Pathways H+ being added to bicarbonate system
26
VO2 can lead to ..
Max or Peak Submax
27
Measures related to Training Prescription, Performance, and Fatigue
VO2 Lactate Threshold Critical Power / Speed
28
Slow Component of O2 Uptake Kinetics
At high power outputs, VO2 continues to increase. More Type II (less efficient) fiber recruitment.
29
What is the Critical Power / Speed?
Threshold between sustainable intensities and unsustainable intensities. Calculated asymptote of the power / speed curve.
30
What can Critical Power be used for?
To determine sustained race pace for a given distance or time. Other calculations can tell you how much energy you spend above CP. (Can go at 98-99% of CP for duration of race.)
31
What happens if you train?
Use O2 better, normal internal changes, and in 8 weeks, you can add 50 W to CP
32
Definition of Fatigue for Inability?
Inability to maintain required power output to continue muscular work at given intensity
33
Definition of Fatigue for Decrements?
Decrements in muscular performance with continued effort, accompanied by sensations of tiredness.
34
Is Fatigue reversible?
Yes, at rest.
35
Fatigue causes?
Complex Phenomenon Major Causes Phosphocreatine
36
Fatigue - Complex Phenomenon
Type, Intensity of Exercise Muscle Fiber Type Training Status, Diet
37
Fatigue - Major Causes (1-2)
Accumulation of metabolic by-products Failure of muscle contractile mechanism
38
Fatigue - Major Causes (3-4)
Inadequate energy delivery/metabolism Altered neural control of muscle contraction (Ionic valances can go whack after intense exercises)
39
Definition of Exhaustion?
Action or state of using something up or something being used up.
40
Fatigue - Phophocreatine
PCr depletion coincides with fatigue. PCr used for short term, high-intensity effort. PCr depletes more quickly than total ATP
41
What helps eliminate PCr Depletion?
Pacing helps eliminate PCr depletion
42
Fatigue - Phophocreatine by products?
The by products are Phosphate and Hydrogen, and they will be fatigued quicker.
43
Increased resistance in the arterial system would decrease cardiac output. Which of the following mechanisms related to cardiac output deals with the resistance of the arterial system?
increase in afterload
44
Following aerobic training, How would a person's heart rate change at a given workload versus what their heart rate was before training at that same workload?
Lower heart rate
45
Which of the following contribute to the observed increase in stroke volume with aerobic training? (choose all that contribute)
increase in ventricular wall thickness increased ventricular internal diameter increase in blood volume
46
Which of the following is a normal value for stroke volume?
70 mL
47
Choose the factors from the list below that are an important part of the Frank-Starling mechanism (preload) and lead to increased stroke volume. (choose all that apply)
stretching the sarcomeres to a more optimal length connective tissue adding to tension
48
Of the factors included in the blood flow (Hagen Poiseuille) equation, which can be quickly changed to help control blood flow around the body? (choose all that apply)
Blood pressure created by the heart Blood vessel diameter/radius
49
In the average person, cardiac output increases throughout a ramped exercise bout (continued increase in workload). True or False, The continued increase in cardiac output seen between 75 and 100% of VO2max is due to increases in heart rate with no further increase stroke volume.
True
50
Which of following adaptations are related to the ability of the skeletal muscle to increase extraction of oxygen from the blood stream? (choose all that apply)
Increase myoglobin content Increase capillary density Increased mitochondrial content
51
RER represents
VCO2/VO2
52
RER would have a value near ____ when relying heavily on carbohydrate for energy production
1.0
53
True or False, RER values can be observed above 1.0; this high value is due to acidic by-products of energy production.
True
54
Cardiac and Type I muscle fibers have many things in common, which of the following is seen in cardiac fibers but not Type I fibers?
Utilized calcium from intra- and extracellular spaces
55
In the image of a Pacemaker and Action potential above, what ion is responsible for the depolarization in the portion labeled "0"?
Calcium
56
Phase 0?
Sodium
57
Phase 1
Potassium
58
Phase 2
Calcium
59
Phase 3
Potassium
60
True or False, cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one cardiac cycle.
False
61
Increased resistance in the arterial system would decrease cardiac output. Which of the following mechanisms related to cardiac output deals with the resistance of the arterial system?
increase in afterload
62
Metabolic Byproducts - How is phosphate Accumulated?
un-bonded phosphates build up in the cells during short intense activity.
63
Metabolic Byproducts - what does phosphate accumulation interefere with?
Interferes with power stroke. Accumulation in cytosol slows Pi release from myosin heads.
64
Metabolic Byproducts - Hydrogen Accumulation consists of what?
Lactic Acid Accumulation, which occurs during brief, high-intensity exercises.
65
Metabolic Byproducts - What happens if Hydrogen isn't cleared immediately?
Converted into Lactate and H+
66
Metabolic Byproducts - Hydrogen accumulation causes?
Decrease of musce pH (acidosis).
67
Metabolic Byproducts - Hydrogen Accumulations - Buffers
Bufers help muscle pH but its not emough. Buffers minimize drop in pH (7.1 to 6.5). Cells can survive but don't function well.
68
Metabolic Byproducts - Hydrogen Accumulation - pH \< 6.9...
inhibits glycolytic enzymes, ATP synthesis. Glycolytic enzymes slowing them down and not producing ATP as quickly.
69
Free hydrogen around the filaments...
H+ competes with CA2+ for the binding sits of troponin. Leads to blocking of actin binding sites. Inhibits release fo ADP from myosin head and slowing shortening velocity. Can't produce as much force!
70
What happens in Heat accumulation?
High muscle temperature may impair muscle function. Increases rate of carbohydrate utilization and hastens glyogen depletion.
71
Glycogen Levels in Fatigue?
Glycogen reservs limited and deplete quickly. Depletion corelated with fatigue.
72
Fatigue - Glycogen levels related to..
total glycogen depletion
73
Fatigue - Glycogen levels unrealted to
rate of glycogen depletion. Glycogen depletion --\> blood glucose.
74
Fatigue - Glycogen Levels - Depletion and Blood Glucose
* muscle glycogen insufficient for prolonged exercise.
* Muscle will use more blood glucose causing in an increase in liver flycogenolysis and leading to hypoglycemia.
75
Muscle Glyogen Depletion and Hypoglycemia =
Fatigue
76
Fatigue - Glycogen Levels - Certain Rate of Muscle Glycogenolysis required to maintain
Oxidative pathways (fat burns in CHO flame)
\*\*\* No glycogen = Inhibited substrate oxidation.
77
Fatigue - Glycogen Levels - With Oxygen Depletion...
FFA Metabolism increases. Fat burns at slow rate. Won't move as quickly. We want carbohydrate supplemation.
78
Fatigue - Glycogen Levels - To Limit Carbohydrate Related Fatigue ...
One must ingest CHO. If glycogen depleted, you will be fatigued. You want to take carbohydrates throughout a race.
79
Movement of heart during contraction?
When the heart contracts, it twists up too. Blood thus moved from the bottom and has to exit at the top
80
Fiber type in the cardiac muscle?
Only one fiber type (similar to type I)
81
Cardiac Myocyte descriptions
* Higher capillary density
* T tubules are wide but less
* SR is simpler than skeletal
* Numerous large mitochondria (25-35% of cell volume
*
82
Cardiac Myocyte Calcium location?
From the inside and outside of the cells
83
Cardiac Myocyte control type?
Completely involuntary
84
Cardiac muscle fibers connected by?
Intercalated Discs
85
Cardiac Myocytes - What are desmosomes and Gap Junctions?
Desmosomes: Hold cells together
Gap Junctions: Rapidly conduct action potentials
86
Cardiac Myocyte - SA Node
Primary pacemaker. 100 bpm with no input
87
Cardiac Myocyte - AV Node
Secondary Pacemaker
Connection to Ventricles - 100 milisecond dealy to make sure we ejected enough blood
50 bpm with no input from atrium to ventricles
88
What is an Electrocariogram (ECG or EKG)
A composite of all the action p otentials generated by nodal an contractile cells at a given time.
Electrodes placed on the skin which monitor electrical changes around many areas of the heart.
89
ECG - P wave
Artial Depolarization
90
ECG - QRS Complex
Corresponds with a ventricular depolarization
91
ECG - T Wave
Repolarization of the ventricles
92
Cardiac Cycle - Coordinated Control of
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic systems
93
Cardiac Cycle - Innervation Areas
PArasympathetic - Innvervate SA Node
Sympathetic - Innervate SA Node and Ventricular Muscle
94
SA Node HR
100 bpm
95
Normal Sinus Rhythm HR
60 - 100 bpm
~75 bpm
96
Elite Athlete HR
~ 40 bpm
97
Bradycardia HR
\< 60 bpm
98
Tachycardia HR
\> 100 bpm
99
HR from lying down to running?
Continues to increase as the intensity increases.
100
SV from Lying down to Running?
Stroke volume high when lying down then decreases and increases once jogging and running occurs.
101
CO from lying down to running?
CO lowest at lying down and increases as intensity increases.
102
What is Cardiac Drift?
An increase in HR seen during prolonged constant pace exercise.
103
Endurance exercise, MAP....
increases
104
Endurance Exercise - Systolic BP..
increases proportional to exercise intensity
105
Endurance Exercise - Diastolic BP
slight decrase or slight decrease (at max exercise)
106
Resistance Exercise - MAP
Periodic large increases in MAP
107
How high can mmHg get in REsistance Exercise?
Up to 480/350 mmHg
108
Resistance exercise more common when using
Valsalva Maneuver
109
Isometric Exercise Information
Large increases in pressure. Huge spikes in SBP and DBP. Probably holding breath, 3 second squats. Squats can be near 800 SBP meaning heart generated this much pressure. When you contract, you squeeze and cut off blood vessels.
110
Cardiac Cycle
All events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
111
4 Steps in Cardiac Cycle?
Ventricular Filling
Isovolumic Contraction
Ejection
Isovolumic Relaxation
112
SV Definition
Volume of blood ejected in one beat
113
SV - During systole..
most (not all) blood ejected.
114
Formula for SV?
EDV - ESV = SV
115
Types values for SV?
100 mL - 30 mL = 70 mL
116
Ejection Fraction DEfinition
Percent of EDV pumped
117
Ejection FRaction Formula
SV / EDV = EF
118
Typical values for Ejection Fraction
70 mL / 100 mL = 0.7 = 70%
119
Cardiac Output Definition
Total volume of blood pumped per minute
120
Formula for CO
Q = HR x SV
121
Normal RHR and Standing SV
RHR - 70 Beats / Min
Standing SV - 70 mL / Beat
122
Typical CO?
70 beats / min \* 70 mL / beat = 4900 mL/min = 4.9 L / min
123
Typical Resting CO?
4.2 to 5.6 L /min
124
Preload Definition
Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract ( Also known as Frank-Starling Law)
125
Cardiac muscle exhibits what type of relationship?
A length-tension relationship. At rest, cardiac muscles sarcomeres are shorter than optimal length
126
What does increased venous return do?
Distends (Stretches) the ventricles and increases contraction force. Through contractile and connective tissue mechanism.
127
Preload - Slow Heartbeats allows..
more filling time. While exercising, increase in venous return. Increase in filling time/more blood returning.
128
Contractility Definition
Contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV ( Less EDV = more blood left).
129
Contractility - Positive Inotropic Agents ...
increase contractility. Utilize Norepinephrine / Epinephrine. Increased Ca 2+ influx due to sympathetic simulation
130
Contracility - Negative Inotropic Agents ...
decrease contractility
131
Afterload Definition
Resistance that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood.
132
Afterload - What is needed to overcome resistance?
Pressure
133
Afterload - Greater vessel resistance forces...
the heart to increasepressure to eject the same volume of blood.
134
Afterload - Hypertension caused by
increased afterload due to increased resistance.
135
Resting HR for Healthy Normal
60-80 bpm
136
HR Resting for Elite Endurance Athlete
35-45 bpm
137
Max HR During Exercise Equation
220 - age
138
What is the human max that a HR could get up to?
Around 240 bpm
139
SV Resting for Normal Healthy Individual
60-80 mL / beat
140
SV Resting for Elite Endurance Athlete
100-125 mL / beat
141
SV during Maximal Exercise for Normal Healthy Individual
120-130 mL / beat
142
SV during Maximum Exercise for Elite Endurance Athlete
175-200 mL / beat
143
Q at Rest for Normal Healthy Individual
5 L / min
144
Q at Rest for Elite Endurance Athlete
5 L / Min
145
Q during Max Exercise for Normal Human
20-25 L / Min
146
Q during Max Exercise for Elite Endurance Athelte
30-35 L / Min
147
If venous return decreases, waht happens to EDV?
Decreases. Fills heart less, so less blood to get rid of.
148
If venous return descreases, what happens to SV?
Decreases. Fills heart less, so less blood to get rid of.
149
If afterload increases, what happens to ESV?
Increases. More blood left in the heart.
150
If afterload increases, what happens to SV?
It decreases. More blood left in the heart.
151
If preload increases, what happens to EDV?
Increases. More blood filled in the heart, more to get rid of.
152
If preload increases, what happens to SV?
Increases. More blodo fileld in heart, more to get rid of
153
If contractility increases, what happens to ESV?
Decreases. More blood getting ejected.
154
If contractility increases, what happens to SV?
Increases. More blood is getting injected.
155
What does the Hagen Poiseuille equation show?
That blood travels from high to low (Heart to the rest of the body)
156
Pressure definition.
Pressure is the driving force for blood flow. Gradient that moves a fluid from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.
157
Where is the greatest fgriction encountered in the body?
The arterioles. There is a big drop is pressure whcih means a big drop in energy.
158
Left Side is called waht?
Systemic Circuit
159
Right side is called what?
Pulmonary Circuit
160
Left Ventricular Pressure ?
Diastole - 7 mmHg
Systole - ~120 mmHg
161
Brachial Arterial Pressure ?
Systole - 110 - 120 mmHg
Diastole - 70-80 mmHg
162
Right Ventricular Pressure ?
Diastole - 3-4 mmHg
Systole - 25mmHg
163
Pulmonary arterial Pressure ?
Systole - 25 mmHg
Diastole - 8mmHg
164
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure - Diastole
8 mmHg
165
Why are systolic pressures lower for the right side?
Arteriers are like veins and system is shorter with it traveling from the heart to the lungs
166
Viscosity definition
Property of fluid that resists the force tending to cause fluid flow.
167
Viscosity Information
Internal friction of fluid
3-4 times greater than water. (Blood is thicker than water, ~3-4 times more viscious)
168
What are the two major controls of blood flow in vessels?
* Systemic Controls
* Sympathetic and Hormonal
* Local Controls
* Chemical in Local Area and Mechanical
169
Extrinsic Neural Control of Blood Flow
Redistribution of flow at system and organ levels. Sympathetic nervous system innervates smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles.
170
Extrinsic Neural Control of Blood Flow - Baseline sympathetic activity --\>
Vasomotor Tone (Vasoconstrict)
171
Extrinsic Neural Control of Blood Flow - Increase in sympathetic activity --\>
Increase in vasoconstriction.
172
Extrinsic Neural Control of Blood Flow - Decrease in sympathetic activity --\>
Decrease in vasoconstriction (Passive increase in vasodilation)
173
Extrinsic Hormone Control of Blood Flow - EPinephrine
* Constrict aroudn most organs (alpha receptors)
* Dilation around skeletal muscles (Beta Receptors - A smooth muscle)
174
Intrinsic Control of Blood Flow
Local chemical and physical changes in the active tissue afffect vessel diameter
175
Intrinsic Control of Blood FLow - Metabolic Regulation
Controls during exercise
Buildup of local metabolic by products cause:
* Decrease O2
* Increase CO2, K+ , H+ , Lactic Acid
176
Intrinsic Control of Blood FLow - Endothelium-Mediated Vasodilation
Controls during exercise
Increases in chear force activates endotheial cells to release NO and causes vasodilation
177
Intrinsic Control of Blood FLow - Myogenic Mechanisms
Maintains constant blodo flow with ever changing pressures. Local pressure changes can cause VC and VD.
Increase Pressure - Increase VC.
Decrease Pressure - Increase VD
178
At rest, veins contain...
2/3 of blood volume
179
Veins have a ..
high capactiy to hold blood volume due to elastic, baloonlike vessel walls. Serve as blood reservoir
180
181
Venous reservoir can be..
liberated, send back to heart and into arteries. Skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps with venoconstriction. Muscle and skin use most cardiac output during exercise
182
CO Response
Increases linearly with workload.
183
CO and VO2Max relation
Continues to icnreases until a Qmax is reached
184
HR and VO2 Max relationship
Continues to increase until a HRmax met
185
SV and VO2 MAx relationship
There is a plateau. Can't fill heart with more blood. Pericardium stops you from stretching the heart futher.
186
Fick equation
- determines VO2
- delivery
- extraction
187
Increase in maximal CO
due primarily to changes in SV . Hrmax doesn't change.
188
Increase in heart mass means
increase in LV volume
189
Cardiac Mypertrophy has what affect on SV?
Increases
190
Increase in LV results in what for EDV and SV?
Increase for both
191
Aerobic Training results in what happening to the hearT?
Eccentric Hypertrophy. Thinner walls
192
REsistance Training results in what king of hypertrophy?
COncentric Hypertrophy. The walls become extremely thick.
193
Blood Flow Changes - Improved control of arterial system results in
Increase of blood flow to active muscle
Decrease of blood flow to inactive muscle
194
Blood Flow Changes - Increase Capillarization leads to
Increase in Capillary:Fiber Ratio
Increase in Total Cross-Sectional Area for Capillary Exchange
195
Blood Volume Changes -- TV ...
Increases rapidly
196
Blood Volume Changes --- Increase Plasma Volume because of
Increase of plasma proteins , increase water, and NA+ retention in first two weeks of training
197
Blood Volume Changs - RBC Volume?
Increass, though hamatocrid may decrease
198
Blood Voume Changes : Plasma Viscosity?
Decrease, can still c arry more O2 though.
199
SV after training?
Increases
200
PLasma Volume with TRaining? and leads to?
Incerase plasma volume --\> Increase EDV --\> Increases preload
201
AFter Training -- HR
Resting and submaximal Hr decrease with training --\> increases filling time and increased EDV
202
Increase LV after training leads to
Increased force of contraction
203
Resting HR after training?
~75 vs ~ 40 bpm
204
Submax HR after training?
HR is lower for a given worklaod because of higher SV and more efficient muscles
205
HRR after training?
Fastery recovery with training. Indrect index of cardiorespiratory fitness and overtraining.
206
What does HRR tell us?
Tell us abut if we are likely to die soon from disease. Should drop within 14 bpm. IF it doesn'tm you are more likely to die in the next five years.
207
After Exercise, Resting BP changes?
REsting BP may not significanlty change in ,most
208
Blood pressure changes after submax exercise?
Decrease in BP at given submaximal workout
209
Blood pressure changes after max exercise?
Increases in systolic BP. Decrease in diastolic BP at maximal intensity.
210
Skeletal Muscle Changes, Fiber Type
Type IIX perform more like Type IIa
211
Skeletal Muscle Changes - Capilalry Supply
Increase number of capillaries supplying each fiber. May be key factor in increase ov VO2 max
212
Skeletal Muscle Changes - Myoglobin
Increase myoglobin content by 75 -80%. (Gets oxygen to mitochondria better).
Supports increase in oxidative capacity in muscle
213
Skeletal Muscle Changes - Mitochondrial Function
Increase in size and number. MAgnitude of change depends on training volume
214
Skeletal Muscles Changes - Oxidative Enzymes
Increase 2-3 Times
Increased Activity with Training
COntinues to increase even after VO2max plateaus
Enhanced glycogen sparing
215
Resting VO2 after training?
Remains unchanged
216
Submax VO2 after traiing?
Unchanged or decreased slightly with training
217
Max VO2 after training?
Best indiciator of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Increases substantilaly with training 15-20%
Increase due to increase of CO and capilalry density
218
Long Term Improvement - VO2
Highest possible VO2max achieved after 12 - 18 months
219
Long-Term Improvement - Performance
Continues to icnrease after VO2max plateaus because lactate threshold continues to increase with training .
220
Individual responses dictated by...
Training status and pretraining VO2max. And
Heredity.
221
Lactate Threshold Changes After Exercise - VO2Max
Increase to higher percentage of VO2max
222
Lactate Threshold Changes After Exercise - Lactate Production
Decease lactate production leads to increase in lactate clearance. Allows higher intensity without lactate accumulation
223
Lactate Threshold Changes After Exercise - RER (Formula)
VCO2 / VO2 ; Improved mitochrondia pathways show you burn more fats whcih means you're more efficient.
224
Lactate Threshold Changes After Exercise - RER Exercise
Decrease at both absolute and relative submax intensities. increased dependence of fat , decreased dependent on glucose.
225
Boyles Law
At constant temp. Pressure varies inversely with volume.
226
Tidal Volume at Rest?
500 mL. We have reserves above or below this
227
Pulmonary Function Testing
Diagnosis and evaluation of the disease.
Testing volumes and capacities in athletes. Asseed by spirometry.
228
What is FEV1?
The amount of expired air after one second. This should be above 80%.
229
FEV1 for Normal Subject?
Around 80%
230
FEV1 for Obstructive Subject?
Around 40%
231
FEV1 for Restrictive?
Around 90%, but they can take in much much less air.
232
What is VE?
Minute Ventilation
Volume of air moved per minute. 5 L / min.
233
What is VT?
Tidal Volume. Volume of air moved per breath
234
What is FB?
Frequency of breathes. Aka Respiratory Rate. At Rest, around 12 bpm
235
What is Pulmonary Diffusion?
Gas exchange between aveoli and capillaries. Capillaries surrounded by alveoli
236
Function of Pulmonary Diffusion?
REplenishes blood oxygen summply
Removed CO2 from blood helping to control pH
237
Pulmonary Diffusion - Lung Blood Flow
At rest, lungs recieve 5 l / min.
RV CO = LV CO
Pulmonary = systemic Blood Flow
Low Pressure Circulation
Resistance much lwoer due to thinner vessel wall.
238
Lung MAP?
15 mmHg
239
Aortic MAP?
95 mmHg.
240
REspiratory Membrane Also called?
Alveolar Capillary Membrane
241
Whats in the Respiratory Membrane?
Alveolar Wall
Capillary Wall
Respective Basement Membranes
242
Respiratory Membrane is also a surface where
Gases are exchanged. Very thin wall with alrge surface area. Maximized gas exchange.
243
Daltons Law of Partial PRessure
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas. The partial pressure of each gas is directly propertional to its percentage in the mixture.
244
Henrys Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proprtion to its partial pressure and solubility coefficient.
245
Henry's Law - Amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon..
its solubility
246
CO2 solubity vs O2 and N2
CO2 is 20 times more soluble in water than O2. N2 barely dissolves in water.
247
Cute saying for Henrys Law?
Henry passing gas in the bathroom..
Know that this is about gas and water.
248
Ficks Equation for Diffusion components
A = Surface Area
T = Thickness of Membrane
D = Diffusion Constant
(P1-P2) = Pressure Gradient
249
Partial Pressure Around Body At Rest
In Alveoli , PO2 @ 105, while PCO2 @ 40. Low CO2 . Large gradient for O2 because it doesn't mix with water and cannot move easily thorugh membrane and fluids.
Larger gradeint for O2 than CO2
250
Ventilation Perfucsion Coupling (At Rest)
* O2 Diffusion capacity limited due to incomplete lung perfusion.
* Only bottom 1/3 of lung perfusesd with blood. 2/3 upper lung -\> poor gas exchange.
251
Ventilation - Perfusion Coupling (DUring Exercise)
During exercise, O2 diffusion capacity increase due to even more lung perfusion. System blood pressure increases and opens top 2/3. Gas exchange over all lungs now.
252
Zone 1 - Lung
Perfusion is Absent.
253
Zone 2 - Lung
Perfusion is sporadic. During exercise, zone 2 is activated.
254
Zone 3 - Lungs
Lowest Zone. Perfusion is constant. Tends to get a lot of gas exchange.
