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abnormal psych > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future.

A

anxiety

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2
Q

immediate alarm reaction to danger

A

fear

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3
Q

experience the alarm response of fear when there is nothing to be afraid of – kind of like a false alarm

A

panic

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4
Q

an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms that usually include heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

A

panic attack

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5
Q

you know you have certain fears and the panic attack almost always occurs in these situations

A

expected (cued) panic attaks

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6
Q

you don’t have a clue when or where the next panic attack will occur.

A

unexpected (uncued) panic attacks

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7
Q

activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected events, such as major changes in body functioning that might signal danger

A

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

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8
Q

when stimulated in animals, this circuit produces an immediate alarm-and-escape response that looks very much like panic in humans

A

fight/flight system

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9
Q

A tendency to be tense, uptight, and anxious is inherited.
No single gene seems to cause anxiety or panic.
Come from different groups of genes and chromosomes. Stress, or other factors in the environment can “turn on” these genes.
Anxiety is associated with specific brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems.

A

biological contribution to anxiety

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10
Q

Stressful life events trigger our biological and psychological vulnerabilities to anxiety
Most are social and interpersonal in nature (death, divorce, work)
Some are physical (injury or illness)
Social stressors can trigger physical reactions (headaches, hypertension)

A

social contributions to anxiety

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11
Q

Events are not always in our control (childhood)
Parents who interact in a positive, predictable way in responding to children’s needs (attention, food, relief from pain) are important in their child’s psychological development regarding anxiety.
Teach them they have control over the outcome of their environment and that people will respond to them when they share their needs.
Secure home base from which to explore
Determines our vulnerability to anxiety later in life

A

psych contributions to anxiety

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12
Q

theory that integrates bio, gen psych, specific psych vulnerabilities to describe the dev of anxiety

A

triple vulnerability theory

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13
Q

anxiety is inherited

A

generalized bio vulnerability

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14
Q

the world is dangerous and out of control

A

generalized psych vulnerability

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15
Q

being taught by parents what should be feared

A

specific psych vulnerability

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16
Q

co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

A

comorbidity

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17
Q

anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by phys symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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18
Q

which population of people is GAD most prevalent in? (ie middle aged, children, adolescents, etc)

A

older adults 45+ years

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19
Q

showing less responsiveness on most phys measures, such as heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and respira

A

autonomic restrictors

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20
Q

treatment for gad?

A

drugs- benzos and antidepressants

therapy

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21
Q

experience severe, unexpected panic attacks; think they’re dying or losing control;

A

panic disorder

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22
Q

fear and avoidance of situations in which a person feels unsafe or unable to escape to get home or to a hospital in the event of a developing panic symptom or other physical symptoms such as loss of bladder control. It’s the lack of control or the unknown occurrence that causes this

A

agoraphobia

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23
Q

Greek word for fear of the marketplace

A

agora

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24
Q

avoidance of internal phys sensations

A

introceptive avoidance

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25
Q

who suffers from agoraphobia the most

A

women

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26
Q

what age does the onset of panic disorder usually occur

A

early adulthood

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27
Q

how do most males culturally deal with their panic attacks

A

by consuming alcohol

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28
Q

fright disorder in Latin America that is characterized by sweating, increased heart rate, and insomnia but not by reports of anxiety or fear, even though a severe fright is the cause

A

susto

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29
Q

anxiety related, culturally defined syndrome prominent among Hispanic Americans, particularly those from the Caribbean. it is quite similar to those of a panic attack, although such manifestations as shouting uncontrollably or bursting into tears may be associated more often than panic

A

ataques de nervios

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30
Q

panic disorder among Khmer (Cambodian) and Vietnamese refugees in the US. panic attacks assoc. w orthostatic dizziness and sore neck

A

kyol goeu

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31
Q

dizziness from standing up too quickly

A

orthostatic dizziness

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32
Q

what is the concept of kyol goeu or “wind overload”

A

too much wind or gas in the body, which may cause blood vessels to burst

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33
Q

what times do 60% of people w panic disorder exp nocturnal attacks

A

1:30 am-3:30 am

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34
Q

when do nocturnal panics occur

A

delta waves

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35
Q

children wake up screaming and running around (don’t wake up) (no memory of the event)

A

sleep terrors (related disorder)

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36
Q

occurs in the transitional state between sleep and waking, falling asleep or waking up – but mostly waking up; unable to move, vivid hallucinations, surge of terror

A

isolated sleep paralysis

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37
Q

cues becoming associated with a number of diff internal and external stimuli through a learning process

A

learned alarms

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38
Q

treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobis

A

meds- benzos and SSRIs

therapy

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39
Q

concentrates on exposing patients w panic disorder to the cluster of interoceptive (phys) sensations that remind them of their panic attacks

A

panic control treatment (PCT)

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40
Q

irrational fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.

A

specific phobia

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41
Q

unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the poss. of an injection. victims exp fainting and a drop in blood pressure
Runs in families more strongly than any phobic disorder we know of

A

blood-injection-injury phobia

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42
Q

developing fears of situations or events occurring in nature

A

natural environment phobia

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43
Q

fear of animals and insects

A

animal phobias

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44
Q

fear of public transportation or enclosed places

A

situational phobia

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45
Q

how are most phobias formed

A

acquired by “direct experience” where real danger or pain results in an alarm response (a true alarm)

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46
Q

what are the three other ways to exp a phobia

A

panic attack
vicarious exp
information transmission

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47
Q

Observing someone else experiencing severe fear

A

vicarious exp

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48
Q

being told about danger

A

info transmission

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49
Q

treatment of phobias

A

structured and consistent exposure-based exercises

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50
Q

unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents or other important people in their life or that something will happen to the children themselves that will separate them from their parents (lost, kidnapped, killed or hurt)

A

separation anxiety disorder

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51
Q

who usually exp separation anxiety the most

A

young children

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52
Q

treatment for separation anxiety

A

cbt

ssris

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53
Q

extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations

A

social anxiety disorder

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54
Q

what group is more likely to have social anxiety disorder

A

adolescents

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55
Q

rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech in one more settings in which speaking is socially expected

A

selective mutism

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56
Q

Exposure to a traumatic event during which an individual experiences or witnesses death or threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violation. Learning that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or friend, or enduring repeated exposure to details of a traumatic event

A

ptsd

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57
Q

similar to PTSD, occurred within the first month after the trauma, but the diff name emphasizes the severe reaction that some people have immediately

A

acute stress disorder

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58
Q

criterion a for ptsd

A

stressor

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59
Q

criterion b for ptsd

A

intrusion symptoms

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60
Q

criterion c for ptsd

A

avoidance

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61
Q

criterion d for ptsd

A

negatived alterations in cog and mood

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62
Q

criterion e for ptsd

A

alterations in arousal and reactivity

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63
Q

criterion f for ptsd

A

duration

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64
Q

criterion g for ptsd

A

functional sig

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65
Q

criterion h for ptsd

A

exclusion

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66
Q

experience of being an outside observer of or detached from oneself (e.g., feeling as if “this is not happening to me” or one were in a dream).

A

depersonalization

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67
Q

experience of unreality, distance, or distortion (e.g., “things are not real”).

A

derealization

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68
Q

reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering

A

catharsis

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69
Q

the content of trauma and the emotions associated with it are worked through systematically, has been used for decades

A

imaginal exposure

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70
Q

psychological technique used to help survivors of trauma make sense of their experiences, while also acting as a form of exposure to painful memories. the story of a traumatic experience will be told repeatedly through verbal, written, or artistic means.

A

trauma narrative

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71
Q

stands for Behavior, Affect, Sensation, and Knowledge. So, memories can be dissociated into those categories

A

BASK model

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72
Q

techniques to bring you back to right now and safety when reliving trauma

A

grounding techniques

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73
Q

anxious or depressive reactions to life stress that are gen milder than one would see in acute disorder or PTSD but are nevertheless impairing in terms of interfering with work or school performance, interpersonal relationships, or other areas of living

A

adjustment disorders

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74
Q

refers to disturbed and dev inappropriate behaviors in children , emerging before five years of age in which the child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults

A

attachment disorders

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75
Q

attachment disorder where the child will very seldom seek out a caregiver for protection, support, and nurturance and will seldom respond to offers from caregivers to provide this kind of care

A

reactive attachment disorder

76
Q

a similar set of child rearing circumstances–perhaps including early persistent harsh punishment–would result in a pattern of behavior in which the child shows no inhibitions whatsoever to approaching adults

A

disinhibited social engagement disorder

77
Q

The devastating culmination of anxiety disorders; exp severe gad, recurrent panic attacks, debilitating avoidance, and major depression

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

78
Q

intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate

A

obsessions

79
Q
  1. repetitive behaviors (handwashing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
  2. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive
A

compulsions

80
Q

obsession of needing things to be symmetrical/aligned just to do so. urges to do things over and over until they feel “just right”

A

symmetry/exactedness/”just right”

81
Q

obsession of fears, urges to harm self or others

fears of offending god

A

forbidden thoughts or actions

82
Q

obsession of germs

fears of germs of contaminants

A

cleaning/contamination

83
Q

fears of throwing anything away

A

hoarding

84
Q

what group(s) is most affected by OCD

A

women and men are equally affected

85
Q

children presenting with OCD and tics suggest that these problems have occurred bc of strep throat

A

PANDAS

86
Q

treatment for OCD

A

the reuptake of serotonin, drugs like clomipramine or SSRIs

87
Q

some relatively normal-looking people think they are so ugly they refuse to interact w others or otherwise function normally for fear that people will laugh at their ugliness

A

body dysmorphic disorder

88
Q

fear of ugliness

A

dysmorphobia

89
Q

prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder?

A

hard to figure out bc it is secretive

90
Q

compulsively hoard things, fearing that if they throw something away then they might urgently need it

A

hoarding disorder

91
Q

urge to pull out one’s own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arms

A

trichotilomania

92
Q

(skin picking disorder) repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin leading to tissue damage

A

excoriation

93
Q

specifier that the individual recognizes that ocd beliefs are definitely or probably not true or that they may or may not be true

A

with good or fair insight

94
Q

specifier that the individual thinks that the ocd beliefs are probably true

A

with poor insight

95
Q

specifier that the person in completely convinced that ocd beliefs are true

A

with absent insight/delusional

96
Q

specifier that the individual has a current or past history of a tic disorder

A

tic related

97
Q

involuntary movement

A

tic disorder

98
Q

medically unexplained physical symptoms

A

somatic symptoms disorders

99
Q

body

A

soma

100
Q

disorder in which individuals feel detached from themselves or their surroundings and reality, exp, and identity may disintegrate

A

dissociative disorder

101
Q

Feeling “detached” from yourself or surroundings

A

dissociation

102
Q

unexplained phys symptoms indicated by the conversion of unconscious emotional conflicts into a more acceptable form

A

conversion hysteria

103
Q

suggested a specific cause for certain disorders. eliminated from the diagnosis in 1980 bc of how vaague it was

A

neurosis

104
Q

prev known as somatoform disorders. disorder involving extreme and long-lasting focus on mult. phys symptoms for which no med cause is evident

A

somatic symptom disorder

105
Q

phys symptoms are either not exp at present time or are very mild, but severe anxiety is focused on the poss. of having or dev. a serious disease
idea of being sick instead of the physical symptom itself

A

illness anxiety disorder

106
Q

is somatic symptom disorder chronic?

A

ya

107
Q

presence of a diagnosed medical condition clearly caused by that medical condition that is adversely affected by one or more psych or behavioral factors

A

psych factors affecting medical condition

108
Q

generally have to do with phys malfunctioning, such as paralysis, blindness, or difficulty speaking, without any phys or organic pathology to account for the malfunction

A

conversion disorders

109
Q

sensation of a lump in the throat that makes it difficult to swallow, eat or sometimes talk

A

globus hystericus

110
Q

deliberate faking of a phys or psych disorder motivated by gain

A

malingering

111
Q

patients with conversion reactions had the same quality of indifference to the symptoms thought to be present in some people with severe somatic symptoms disorder

A

la belle indifference

112
Q

the symptoms are under voluntary control, as with malingering, but there is no obvious reason for voluntarily producing symptoms except to assume the sick role and to other members of the family

A

factitious disorder

113
Q

when an individual deliberately makes someone else sick

A

factitious disorder imposed on another (munchausen syndrome by proxy)

114
Q

what group of people are somatic symptom disorders and conversion disorders found in

A

women

115
Q

4 basic processes in dev of conversion disorder

A 
#1 individual experiences a traumatic event
#2 person represses the conflict
#3 person “converts” it into physical symptoms to reduce anxiety
#4 greatly increased attention and sympathy
116
Q

when feelings of unreality are so severe and frightening that they dominate an individual’s life and prevent normal functioning

A

depersonalization-derealization disorder

117
Q

dissociative disorder ft the inability to recall personal info, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature

A

dissociative amnesia

118
Q

people who are unable to remember anything, including who they are

A

gen amnesia

119
Q

failure to recall specific events, usually traumatic, that occur during a specific period

A

localized or selective amnesia

120
Q

type of dissociative amnesia ft sudden, unexpected travel away from home, along with an inability to recall the past, sometimes w assumption of a new identity

A

dissociative fugue

121
Q

meaning “flight”

A

fugue

122
Q

individuals in this trancelike state often brutally assault and sometimes kill people or animals and not remember

A

amok

123
Q

altered state of consviousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits; considered a disorder only when there is distress and dysfunction

A

dissociative trance

124
Q

a disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind

A

dissociative identity disorder

125
Q

transition from one personality to another

instantaneous

A

switch

126
Q

people who are suggestible may be able to use dissociation as a defense against extreme trauma

A

autohypnotic model

127
Q

gross deviations in mood

A

mood disorders

128
Q
  • absence of manic or hypomanic episodes
  • if two or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed, it is noted as being recurrent.
  • unipolar depression is often a chronic condition that waxes or wanes over time but seldom disappears.
A

major depressive disorder

129
Q

most common and severe exp of depression, include feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities and inability to exp pleasure persisting at least 2 weeks
not chronic

A

major depressive episode

130
Q

loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any “fun”

A

anhedonia

131
Q

individuals find extreme pleasure in every activity

A

mania

132
Q

express so many ideas at once

A

flight of ideas

133
Q

a less severe version of a manic episode that does not case marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and need last only 4 days rather than a full week

A

hypomanic episode

134
Q

individuals who exp either depression or mania bc their mood remains at one “pole” of the usual depression-mania

A

unipolar mood disorder

135
Q

condition in which the individual exp both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time

A

mixed features

136
Q

occurring often or repeatedly

A

recurrent

137
Q
  • fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder
  • depression remain relatively unchanged for long periods of time
  • lasts at least two years
A

persistent depressive disorder

138
Q

both major depressive episodes and persistent depression with fewer symptoms

A

double depression

139
Q

specifier to describe depression; hallucinations or delusions

A

psychotic feature

140
Q

seeing or hearing things that are not there

A

hallucinations

141
Q

strongly held but inaccurate beliefs

A

delusions

142
Q

inaccurate belief about the person’s physical body injured/sick

A

somatic (physical) delusions

143
Q

hearing voices that aren’t there

A

auditory hallucinations

144
Q

a person tends to remember information that is consistent with their particular mood.

A

mood congruent

145
Q

the fixed, false belief that one possesses superior qualities such as genius, fame, omnipotence, or wealth.

A

delusions of grandeur

146
Q
  • presence and severity of accompanying anxiety
  • might be a comorbid anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms
  • the presence of anxiety indicates a more severe condition, makes suicidal thoughts and completed suicide more likely, and predicts poorer outcome from treatment
A

anxious distress specifier

147
Q
  • depressive episodes that have at least three symptoms of mania either in a major depressive disorder or in a persistent depressive disorder
A

mixed features specifier

148
Q
  • only with diagnosis of major depressive episode;
  • somatic symptoms – early-morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of libido, excessive or inappropriate guilt, and anhedonia
  • signfies a severe type of depressive episode
A

melancholic specifier

149
Q
  • can occure in manic episode, but rare
  • an absense of movement in which muscles are waxy and semirigid
  • or excessive but random or purposeless movement
A

catatonic features specifier

150
Q

muscles are waxy and semirigid so the parent’s arms or legs remain in any position in which they are placed

A

catalepsy

151
Q
  • applies to both depressive disorders
  • consistently oversleep and overeat during their depression and therefore gain weight leading to a higher incidence of diabetes;
  • considerable anxiety – can react with interest or pleasure
  • greater percentage of women and an earlier age of onset
  • more symptoms, more severe symptoms, more suicide attempts, higher rate of comorbid disorders including alcohol abuse
A

atypical features specifier

152
Q
  • ”Peri” means “surrounding” – in this case just before and after birth
  • applies to both major depressive and manic episodes
  • peripartum period is pregnancy and the 6 month period immediately following birth
  • can be psychotic depressive or manic episodes
  • could be associated with rapid decline in reproductive hormones
  • all women experience very substantial shifts in hormone levels after delivery – only a few develop a depressive disorder
A

preipartum onset specifier

153
Q

women who just gave birth and was diagnosed w depression

A

peripartum depression

154
Q
  • occurs during certain seasons
  • depression often occurs late fall until early spring
  • bipolar – depressed in winter, manic in summer
  • occurs for at least two years with no evidence of non-seasonal episodes (seasonal affective disorder)
  • related to daily and seasonal changes in the production of melatonin
A

seasonal pattern specifier

155
Q

depressive disorder that begins in late fall and ends w beginning of spring with no nonseasonal major depressive eps

A

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

156
Q

irritability, listlessness, and similar symptoms resulting from long confinement or isolation indoors during the winter.

A

cabin fever

157
Q

acute grief – finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged and the individual adjusts to the loss; often recurs at significant anniversaries, birthdays, holidays, meaningful occasions;

A

integrated grief

158
Q

sometimes occurs after major depressive disorder has been diagnosed, sometimes not; the strong yearning is associated with the activation of the dopamine neurotransmitter system; different than with major depressive disorder; interventions don’t work; treat it more like PTSD;

A

complicated grief

159
Q

2% to 5% of women suffer from severe and sometimes incapactitating emotional reactions during the premenstrual period; extreme symptoms;
a comb of phys symptoms, severe mood swings and anxiety are assoc. w incapacitation during this period of time

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

160
Q
  • instead of bipolar disorder NOS; children with chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, and frequent temper tantrums, but don’t cycle like manic episodes; show no mania; increased risk for additional depressive and anxiety disorders rather than manic episodes; often misdiagnosed as ADHD or conduct disorder;
A

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

161
Q

tendency of manic eps to alternate w major depressive eps

A

bipolar disorder

162
Q

chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes; tend to be one mood state or another for years with relatively few periods of neutral mood. Pattern must last for two years; a lot of times they’re considered “moody”; increased risk to develop the more severe bipolar I or bipolar II

A

cyclothymic disorder

163
Q

major depressive eps alternate w hypomanic eps rather than full manic eps

A

bipolar 2 disorder

164
Q

major depressive episodes alternate w full manic eps

A

bipolar 1 disorder

165
Q

period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that may include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, agitation, or self-destructive behavior, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments)

A

manic ep

166
Q

*unique to bipolar I and II; at least four manic or depressive episodes within a year is considered to have a rapid-cycling pattern; severe variety of bipolar that does not respond well to treatment;
*higher probability of suicide attempts
does not seem to be permanent

A

rapid-cycling specifier

167
Q

prevalence of a given disorder in the first-degree relatives of the individual known to have the disorder

A

proband

168
Q

examining the frequency with which identical twins have the disorder, compared with fraternal twins

A

twin studies

169
Q

hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology

A

neurohormones

170
Q

responsible for keeping stress hormones in check and serves important functions in facilitating cog processes such as STM

A

hippocampus

171
Q

our eyes move back and forth and we dream

A

REM

172
Q
  • not so much the situation, but how it affects the individual;
  • predisposed to mood disorder
A

stress

173
Q
  • anxious and depressed when there is no control over stress
  • anxiety it the first response to a stressful situation
  • depression follows when hopeless about coping with the stress
A

learned helplessness

174
Q

3 attributional styles for depression

A

internal
stable
global

175
Q

attributes negative events to personal failings (all my fault)

A

internal

176
Q

after a negative event passes, additional bad things will be my fault

A

stable

177
Q

extend across a variety of issues

A

global

178
Q

when a depressed individual emphasizes the neg rather than the pos aspects of the situation

A

arbitrary inference

179
Q

draw a conclusion or make a statement about (something) that is more general than is justified by the available evidence.

A

overgeneralization

180
Q

thinking negatively about the immediate world, future. and themselves together

A

depressive cog triad

181
Q

a medication used in the treatment of disorders that is effective in preenting and treating pathological shifts in mood

A

mood stabilizing drug

182
Q

bio treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses thru the brain to produce seizures

A

electroconvulsive therapy

183
Q

theory that the role of deep-seated neg thinking in gen depression

A

cog therapy

184
Q

focuses on resolving probs in existing relationships and learning to form impt new interpersonal relationships

A

interpersonal psychotherapy

185
Q

study risk factors of suicide by studying conditions and events that make person vulnerable

A

psychological autopsy

abnormal psych (4 decks)

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