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ANS 120 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

parturition

A

birth process

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2
Q

What are the three steps in the birthing process?

A
  1. Behavioral change 2. Delivery of fetus 3. Expulsion of fetus
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3
Q

What behavioral changes happens to the dam at the beginning of parturition?

A

Separate from group, restlessness

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4
Q

Dystocia

A

Difficulty in parturition process

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5
Q

What are some issues if the dam is overweight?

A

Excess fat in pelvic cannel, fat deposition

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6
Q

What are some issues if the dam in underweight

A

Nutrient insufficiency, body may give up

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7
Q

Malpresentation

A

not a normal birth position <5% of dystocia

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8
Q

Estrous cycle

A

all the physiological and behavioral changes from one ovulation to the next

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9
Q

Estrus

A

period of receptivity of the female to be bred by the male

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10
Q

Ovum

A

unfertilized female gamete

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11
Q

follicle

A

structure on an ovary that aids in the development of an ovum

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12
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of the ovum from follicles of the ovary

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13
Q

Gestation

A

development of offspring in the uterus

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14
Q

Oviposition

A

laying of egg

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15
Q

Incubation

A

Development of offspring in an egg

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16
Q

What are the three types of uteruses?

A

Duplex, Bicornuate, and Simplex

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17
Q

What type of animals have a bicornuate uterus?

A

Livestock and pets

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18
Q

What is the endocrine function of Ovaries?

A

Production of T, E2, and P4

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19
Q

What is the exocrine function of ovaries?

A

Ovum production

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20
Q

What are the three functions of oviducts?

A

Transport of gametes, site of fertilization, and nutrition

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21
Q

What are the four functions of the uterus?

A

Transport, nutrition, site of gestation, and endocrine

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22
Q

What is the function of the Cervix?

A

Prevent entry of micro-organisms, only open during Estrus and parturition

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23
Q

Function of Vagina?

A

Site for semen deposition

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24
Q

Function of placenta?

A

Exchange of nutrients/ waste, Exchange of 02/ CO2, Hydraulic dampener

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25
Hydraulic Dampener
shock absorption and creates cushioning
26
What is the flow of the female avian tract
ovary -> infundibulum -> magnum -> Isthmus -> Uterus -> Cloaca
27
What does the infundibulum do?
sperm storage and fertilization, egg pickup
28
What is the function of the magnum?
albumen secretion, added protein (egg white)
29
What is the function of the Isthmus?
packaged, inner and outer shell membrane
30
Chalaza
cords of protein
31
What is the function of the uterus in an avian?
formation of shell gland
32
What controls color in an egg?
pigment secrete by uterus
33
What determines the color of yolk?
Diet of bird
34
P= G+E
``` P= phenotype- physical appearance G= genotype- genetic make up E= environment ```
35
Traits
defined by characteristics of the animal, defined by humans
36
qualitative
- few genes - discrete classes - yes/no
37
quantitative
- many genes - expression over a range - weight - height
38
Selection
determine parents of next generation
39
Inbreeding
Mating individual more related than the average of the population
40
Linebreeding
Concentrate genes of a particular ancestor
41
Outbreeding
Mating individuals less related than the average population
42
What does inbreeding not cause?
Genetic mutations, It does increase the expression of genes and traits that are present
43
Closed herd
no outside animals
44
Outcrossing
Less related
45
heterosis
average of the offspring, for a given trait, is higher than the average of parental breeds for that offspring. Crossbred to show traits superior to those of their parents (specific)
46
Complimentary
combining different highly heritable traits from different breeds (mixing)
47
Genetic fitness
ability to pass on genes and reproduce
48
Chimera
mixed sets of chromosomes
49
What are the steps of embryo transfer
1) super ovulate the female *drug treatment* 2) Artificial insemination 3) collect embryos *only in uterus* 4) Freeze/Transport into recipients
50
Triploidy
3, 1/2 sets of chromosomes, no genetic fitness, no reproduction, rapid/ prolonged growth
51
Cloning
reproduction of a new animal from existing animal
52
Transgenic
taking a gene from one species and inserting into another species
53
What is the endocrine function of the testes?
Secrete estrogen (E2) and testosterone (T)
54
What is the exocrine function of the testes?
Sperm production
55
What are the functions of the epididymus?
Transport, maturation, and storage
56
What is the function of the head of the epididymus?
Collection of sperm
57
What is the function of the body of the epididymus?
Transport
58
What is the function of the tail of the epididymus?
storage/ejaculation
59
What is the function of the Vas Deferens?
Transport of sperm during ejaculation
60
What are the three accessory glands?
Seminal vesicles, prostate, and Bulbourethra
61
What is semen?
sperm + accessory fluids
62
What is the function of accessory fluids?
Nutrients for sperm, cleaning of the urethra, and adds volume to semen
63
What are the two types of penises?
Vascular and Fiberous
64
Vascular
increased blood flow increases stiffness, diameter, and length
65
Fiberous
relation of retractor muscle, increased blood flow increase stiffness
66
os penis
baculum, penis bone
67
Where is sperm produced?
In the seminiferous tubules
68
What percentage of all sperm will be abnormal?
10%
69
What are sertoli cells and where are they located?
Produce E2, inside seminiferous tubules, sperm develop inside
70
What are Leydig cells and where are they located?
Produce T, surround sertoli cells

ANS 120 (3 decks)

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