exam 4 Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Draft
A
cold blooded/ mild temper up to 3000 Ibs heavy boned/ framed power forward movement -Clydesdale -Shire Draft, Draught, Dray ( to pull or haul)
2
Q
Light
A
Hot blooded Bred for riding (speed, agility, endurance) 1,000-1,500 -Quarter horse -Arabian -Thoroughbred
3
Q
Gated
A
Bred for "smooth movement" Cover ground efficiently Hot blooded -TN walking horse -American Saddlebred
4
Q
Warm Blooded
A
bred for riding (Dressage, Jumping (Olympics) Moderate frame Heavier boned -Hanoverian -Dutch Warmblood
5
Q
Pony
A
Bred for draft and riding <14.2 hand 500-900 Ibs -shetland -Welsh -Hackney
6
Q
Miniature horse
A
8.5-9.5h
conformation more of a horse
7
Q
Donkey
A
Draft and riding
8
Q
Challenges of horses
A
- Pet classification/regulations
- Human health and environment concerns
- Elimination of slaughter
- Business Disaster
9
Q
Pet vs Livestock
A
Regulation:
Zoning
Use
Training/care
10
Q
American Association Of Equine Practitioners
A
No longer kill
1825/ year
11
Q
Manure Management
A
Land utilization
50 Ibs/ day = 9 tons/ horse/ year
12
Q
Spread
A
+remove from stall
+reduces pests
-spread parasite/ weeds
13
Q
Compost
A
+reduce volume
+reduce weed/ parasite
14
Q
5 Ways the horse survives by speed
A
- Vision
- Digestive system
- O2 Capacity
- Limb Anatomy
- Conformation
15
Q
Vision
A
Eyes on side of head
357 vision
stereoscopic
16
Q
Stereoscopic
A
Long range depth perception
- poor short range depth perception
- two blind spots
17
Q
Pupil
A
Regulates light
18
Q
Lens
A
focus light on retina
19
Q
Retina
A
Location - sensory neurons
cones=colors
rods=low light
20
Q
Accommodation
A
degree of lens ability to change shape
21
Q
Why are horses “Fixed-Farsighted”?
A
Cones are on a horizontal shift (spread out and less number)
more rods
22
Q
Tapetum
A
reflective layer of cells behind the retina
- amplifies light
- “deer in headlights”
23
Q
Equine Eye
A
- Greater low light vision (Rods, Tapetum)
- Dichromic- short wave(blue) & middle/long(yellow)
24
Q
Speed
A
stride length & frequency of stride
25
what are the pros and cons of increased length of limb
+ increased stride length
- increased weight
- decreased stability
- higher center of gravity
26
Stride
distance of repeated foot falls
27
flexion
power stroke of step
28
extension
reach for next step
29
Shock absorption
decrease joint damage
30
Walk
4 beat gait, 1 foot on the ground at all times
low efficiency
limited work
limited heat
31
Trot/ pace
2 beat gait, 2 feet on ground at any given time
high efficiency
moderate work
moderate heat
32
Canter
3 beat gait, 1 foot: 2 feet: 1 foot
fast -low efficiency
high work
high heat
33
Horse digestion
increase ingestion, works faster and increases rase of passage of ingested materials
34
Myoglobin
heme groups- "hold O2" in muscle fibers for immediate use
35
Air intake for horses
large sinus passages
| trachea separated from esophagus
36
Hematocrit
Proportion of blood plasma packed (RBC)
increased pcv= dehydration
horses change change portion= stored in spleen
37
Conformation
Putting the parts together
- space between eyes
- mussel= O2
- proportional head
- head and neck= change in weight distribution
- back-longer( carry weight different)
- length of muscle
- heart and lung
38
SCID severe combined Immunodeficiency
HIV
Simple recessive
Lethal
40% are carriers
39
HYPP- Hyperperkalemic periodic paralysis
Incomplete dominant
impressive syndrome
Inherited abnormal Na+ channel related to muscle contraction control
40
Male- horse
stallion
41
female- horse
Mare
42
Castrated -horse
Gelding
43
Young male- horse
Colt
44
Young female- horse
Filly
45
Offspring- horse
Foal
46
Parturition- horse
Foaling
47
Repro- horse
seasonal breeder
48
Estrous cycle- horse
21 d
49
Estrus- horse
5-7d
50
Ovulation- horse
24-48 hours before the end of estrus
51
Gestation- horse
335d
52
Low repo rate- physiological
- long gestation
- seasonal breeders
- one offspring
- seasonal breeders(long day_)
- age to puberty
53
Low repo rate- Artificial(people)
- Not bred based to reproduction rates
| - Jan 1 birthday
54
Female- dog
Bitch
55
Male- dog
Dog
56
Castrated- dog
Neutered dog
57
young
pups
58
Parturition- dog
Whelping
59
Domestication effects
- Brain capacity
| - DNA
60
Genetic timing
- activated sooner
- remain activated longer
- never activated
61
Domestication
- Genetic timing
- Diminish brain capacity
- Anatomical/physiological/behavior
* body shape and size
* Coat color and hair type
* Barking
* Ears drooped
* Wagged tails
* smaller teeth
* Play in adulthood
62
Eyes-dog
cones- horizontal slit (spread out and lower number)
only some breeds have tapedum
Dichromic (blue and yellow)
1-2 diopters
63
Myopic
nearsighted
64
Emmetropic
neutral
65
Hyperopic
farsighted
66
Flicker fusion
how fast nerve cells are
| "cones"-> action potential-> recover-> repeat
67
Smell-dog
1,000-10,000 more sensitive than humans
| 40x proportion of brain dedicated to smell
68
Turbinate bones
surface for olfactory receptors (nerve)
| Air turbidity= increased chance "oder molecule" to bind to receptors
69
Apocrine glands
producing sweat and oil
70
Taste buds
```
salty- minerals
sweet- carbs
bitter- bad stuff
umami- fat
sour- acid/ vitamin c
```
71
Furaneol (antifreeze)
dogs like to eat
72
Umami
Animal protein and fats
| msg
73
Bitter
danger detection
| dogs/cat are higher in sensitivity
74
Pressure
40% located on face (vibrissae)
| neuroreflex responce
75
Temperature
Human- distinctly hot and cold
dogs- cold
cooling system
sweat glands
76
Gene linkage
genes in question tend to "move" separate together
77
female- cat
queen
78
male-cat
tom
79
castrated
gib
80
young cats
kitten
81
parturition
kittening
