Exam 2

Question 1

allostasis is

Answer 1

management of short term stress

Question 2

what is allosteric load

Answer 2

chronic stress

Question 3

what do catelcholamines do

Answer 3

mimic sympathetic (fight or flight) stimulation

Question 4

released from _____ cells of the _____

Answer 4

chromaffin, adrenal medulla

Question 5

catecholamines are large amounts of _____ and small amounts of _____

Answer 5

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 6

action of norepinephrine

Answer 6

raises bp by constricting peripheral vessels

dilates pupils

piloerection (goosebumps)

increase sweat gland action

Question 7

action of epinephrine

Answer 7

greater influence on cardiac action

vasodilation

metabolic regulation that raises glucose level

Question 8

adrenal medulla releases ___

Answer 8

catelcholamines

Question 9

posterior pituitary releases __

Answer 9

ADH and oxytocin

Question 10

anterior pituitary releases ___

Answer 10

prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone, ACTH, all stimulate adrenal cortex to release cortisol

Question 11

growth factors involved in angio genesis

Answer 11

vascular endothelial
platelet derived
basic fibroblast

Question 12

what is the warburg effect

Answer 12

cancer cells repurposing glucose for fuel

Question 13

how does immune suppression facilitate cancer growth

Answer 13

immune cells secrete cytokines, which can bind to tumor cells and influence growth. cytokines released on inflammation

Question 14

WHAT CAN METASTATIC CELLS SECRETE

Answer 14

proteases to degrade extracellular matrix and create a pathway

Question 15

how can metastatic cells survive in the blood

Answer 15

bind to platelets kinda as a shield

Question 16

the most aggressive tumors are highly ____

Answer 16

vascularized

Question 17

what is a complication of removing a highly vascularized tumor?

Answer 17

Hemorrhaging

Question 18

types of benign tumors

Answer 18

lipoma, glioma, leiomyoma, meningioma

Question 19

malignant tumors

Answer 19

carcinoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia

Question 20

epithelial tumors are called

Answer 20

carcinomas

Question 21

connective tissue tumors are called

Answer 21

sarcoma

Question 22

ductal or glandular tissue tumors are called

Answer 22

adenocarcinoma

Question 23

lymphatic tissue tumors are called

Answer 23

lymphoma

Question 24

blood forming cell tumors are called

Answer 24

leukemias

Question 25

what is triple negative breast cancer

Answer 25

lack of all three receptors for drugs to bind to and enter cell, so they do not respond well to hormone sensitive drugs . are also notoriously aggressive and lethal .

Question 26

infections and their linked cancers: HPV

Answer 26

cervical cancer

Question 27

infections and their linked cancers: Hep B and C

Answer 27

liver cancer

Question 28

infections and their linked cancers: helicobacter pylori

Answer 28

stomach cancers

Question 29

infections and their linked cancers: epstein barr virus

Answer 29

cancers of nasopharynx and stomach, hodgkin disease, non hodgkin lymphoma

Question 30

infections and their linked cancers: human herpes virus type 8

Answer 30

kaposi sarcoma

Question 31

infections and their linked cancers: human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Answer 31

leukemia and lymphoma

Question 32

RBC lifespan

Answer 32

120 days

Question 33

what is the hemoglobin structure

Answer 33

2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide globin chains 4 hemes or iron complexes that carry one oxygen molecule each

Question 34

Heme ____ bind to Fe2+ and _____ bind to Fe3+

Answer 34

can, cannot

Question 35

what is hemostasis

Answer 35

the arrest of bleeding

Question 36

what does heparin do?

Answer 36

blocks factor 10, which doesnt allow clots to form

Question 37

what are the two classifications of anemia

Answer 37

cell size and hemoglobin content

Question 38

terminology to define anemic cell size

Answer 38

suffix -cytic macrocytic, microcytic, normocytic

Question 39

terminology to define anemic cell hemoglobin content

Answer 39

suffix -chromic normochromic, hypochromic

Question 40

what is anisocytosis

Answer 40

red cells presenting in various sizes

Question 41

what is poikilocytosis

Answer 41

red cells presenting in various shapes

Question 42

what are normal hematocrit levels

Answer 42

37-54%

Question 43

what does low hematocrit mean

Answer 43

overhydration

Question 44

what does high hematocrit mean

Answer 44

dehydration

Question 45

what are normal hemoglobin levels

Answer 45

12-18 g/dL

Question 46

what are normal RBC counts

Answer 46

4.2-6 million

Question 47

what are normal WBC counts

Answer 47

4500-11,000

Question 48

what are normal platelet counts

Answer 48

150,000-400,000

Question 49

what cell types are granulocytes

Answer 49

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil | have inflammatory and immune functions

Question 50

what cell types are agranulocytes

Answer 50

T cell, b cell, lymphocyte, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells

Question 51

what does the -penia suffix mean

Answer 51

low levels

Question 52

what does the -cytosis suffix mean

Answer 52

high levels

Question 53

what is acute lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 53

ALL - too many lymphoblasts - most common overall - most common in children treatment chemo

Question 54

what is acute myelogenous leukemia

Answer 54

AML - too many myeloblasts - most common adult leukemia treatment chemo

Question 55

what is chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 55

CLL - too many immature lymphocytes - most common adult leukemia in the western world - involves malignant b cells - majority asymptomatic at diagnosis symptoms slow progression, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, extreme fatigue

Question 56

what is a myeloblast

Answer 56

stem cell that differentiates into effectors of granulocytes

Question 57

what is a lymphoblast

Answer 57

large lymphocyte that is activated by an antigen

Question 58

what is chronic myelogenous leukemia

Answer 58

CML - too many blood cells made in bone marrow - philadelphia chromosome symptoms slow progression, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, extreme fatigue

Question 59

how many white matter nerve cells in corpus callosum

Answer 59

200000-250000

Question 60

how much CSF does someone have

Answer 60

125-150 ml

Question 61

how much blood does the brain receive per minute

Answer 61

800-1000ml

Question 62

what primarily regulates CNS blood flow

Answer 62

CO2