Exam 1

Question 1

what is atrophy

Answer 1

shrinking or losing fluid in cells

Question 2

what is hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in cell size

Question 3

what is hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in cell numbers

Question 4

what is metaplasia

Answer 4

reversible replacement of mature cells with another type of cell

Question 5

what is dysplasia

Answer 5

changes in shape, size or organization of cells

Question 6

what is hypoxic injury

Answer 6

when there is a significant lack of oxygen to tissues

Question 7

what is the response to hypoxic injury

Answer 7

cell death??

Question 8

what is ischemia

Answer 8

reduced blood supply

Question 9

what is hypoxia vs anoxia

Answer 9

lack of sufficient oxygen vs . total lack of oxygen

Question 10

what is hypoxemia

Answer 10

abnormally low O2 in the blood

Question 11

what are free radicals and reactive oxygen species?

Answer 11

free radicals pull electrons from other cells and ruin the structure . reactive oxygen species do the same and damage tissues by proxy

Question 12

What are the systemic manifestations of cell and tissue injury

Answer 12

swelling, fever, redness, temperature

Question 13

Define coagulative necrosis

Answer 13

cells die by mechanical injury or lack of oxygen but retain structure

Question 14

Define liquefactive necrosis

Answer 14

occurs during infection besides in the brain, cells break down and become liquefied

Question 15

Define caseous necrosis

Answer 15

tissue has white cottage cheese like appearance called a granuloma

Question 16

Define fatty necrosis

Answer 16

occurs in fat cell rich areas, cells break down and appear as white blotches in skin

Question 17

Define gangrene necrosis

Answer 17

tissue death in extremities only that present as blackened skin w putrefication .

Question 18

what is apoptosis

Answer 18

programmed cell death

Question 19

define genomics

Answer 19

structure, function, evolution and mapping of genomes

Question 20

define pharmacogenomics

Answer 20

how genes affect a persons response to drugs

Question 21

define epigenomics

Answer 21

study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications to genetic material

Question 22

define epigenetics

Answer 22

study of changes in an organism caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of genetic code

Question 23

What are genes when relating to heredity .

Answer 23

traits passed down through alleles and dominant/recessive genes

Question 24

What is DNA and its pairing?

Answer 24

pairs of A/T and G/C

Question 25

what is RNA and its paring?

Answer 25

A/U and G/C

Question 26

what is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 26

transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to proteins)

Question 27

how to build mRNA from DNA or DNA template strand

Answer 27

always synthesized from 5' to 3'

Question 28

organization of genes on chromosomes

Answer 28

DNA pairs connected by histones, and they fold on each other to form chromosomes

Question 29

what is a locus?

Answer 29

where on the chromosome a gene is located

Question 30

what is alleles

Answer 30

versions of a gene on the chromosome

Question 31

how many copies of each gene are inherited?

Answer 31

2 copies of each gene, one from each parent for a total of 46 chromosomes

Question 32

number of chromosomes in human body cells

Answer 32

46

Question 33

number of chromosomes in sperm/egg cells

Answer 33

23

Question 34

what is a karyotype

Answer 34

number and appearance of chromosomes in an individual

Question 35

how are genes labeled?

Answer 35

chromosome #, Long(q) or short (a) arm, region Example for the BRCA gene= 7q31.2 7th chromosome, long arm, region 31.2

Question 36

what is multifactorial inheritance

Answer 36

disease caused by many factors, combination of environment, gene susceptibility, exposure, lifestyle

Question 37

what is aneuploidy

Answer 37

abnormal number of chromosome

Question 38

what is translocation

Answer 38

when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches somewhere else

Question 39

who should be offered prenatal screening and why?

Answer 39

women over 35, fetal problems or complications are much more common at this age

Question 40

what are the main functions of cells

Answer 40

excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication

Question 41

what does the nucleus do

Answer 41

DNA and replication

Question 42

what does the ER do

Answer 42

protein synthesis

Question 43

what does the Golgi do

Answer 43

packages protein for secretion

Question 44

what does the peroxisomes do

Answer 44

breakdowns fatty acids

Question 45

what does the mitochondria do

Answer 45

oxidative phosphorylation, ATP formation, Ca2+ transport

Question 46

what are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 46

microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments

Question 47

what do microtubules do

Answer 47

stiffen and add rigidity to cell structure

Question 48

what do actin filaments do

Answer 48

occur in bundles, pinch cells together for splitting, cell movement

Question 49

what do intermediate filaments do

Answer 49

braided fibers that bridge from cell to cell in epithelial tissue keeping it together

Question 50

why are cell membranes important?

Answer 50

receptors, surface markers, proteins in the membrane, cell signaling

Question 51

what are roles of plasma membrane proteins

Answer 51

bind with ligands to create responses and identifies self vs outside

Question 52

what is anabolism

Answer 52

energy using process

Question 53

what is catabolism

Answer 53

energy releasing

Question 54

what is osmolarity vs osmolality

Answer 54

milliosmoles per liter of water vs . milliosmoles per kg of water

Question 55

what is the extracellular matrix

Answer 55

extracellular collagens, proteins, enzymes that provide structural and biochemical supports