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Flashcards in Exam 2 Deck (48)
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1
Q

What are important characteristics of ciliate protozoans?

A

Cilia located all the way around
Macro and micro nucleus
Micro- replication

2
Q

Explain the effects of acute toxoplasmosis vs congenital toxoplasmosis

A

Acute- parasite doing I tail invasion in digestive tract- mild or asymptomatic
Congenital- only in pregnant human females where they pass it on to the fetus

3
Q

Who discovered the phenomena of exflagellation in Plasmodium? What is the significance of this phenomena?

A

Louis Laveran

Being able to distinguish between malaria alone

4
Q

What is the reason for a malarial relapse? What species are associated with relapse?

A

Vivax, Ovale- relapses

Relapses occur because P. vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites (“hypnozoites”) that may reactivate. Treatment to reduce the chance of such relapses is available and should follow treatment of the first attack.

5
Q

What is the significance of the date, August 16, 1897 in the annals of protozoology?

A

Ronald Ross

Proved the role of the Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria parasites in humans

6
Q

Why is malaria not as prominent a disease in the US as it was a hundred years ago?

A
Mosquito control
Screened windows
Spray
Eliminate stagnant water
Bug spray- deet
7
Q

What mosquito is prominent in spreading of malaria to humans? How does it compare to other types of mosquitos?

A

Only one genus- Anopheles
Many species
Female blood feeders
Palps same size as proboscis

8
Q

What was the first anti-malarial drugs used to treat malaria?

A

Quinine

Isolated from the Cinchona bark

9
Q

Why are malarial parasites hard to kill using vaccinations?

A

Eukaryotic cells
Lots of DNA
Can produce a # of different genes that are hard to target

10
Q

What is black water fever

A

Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria infection in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure.

11
Q

What is the causative agent of duck malaria? What are the effects on host?

A

Leucocytozoon

Chills, fever, weight loss, flight loss

12
Q

Who discovered that ticks were the vectors of babesiosis in cattle?

A

Theobald Smith & Kilborn

First to show Arthropods as vectors 1880

13
Q

What accounts for the severity of babesiosis in some cattle but not in others?

A

Age
Breed
Immune system
Pre existing conditions

14
Q

Transstadial transmission vs

Transovarial transmission

A

Occurs in ticks
Stadial- do carry it to the next stage
Ovarial- female has parasite and passes it to eggs so they all have parasite. One host vector

15
Q

What biologist was the first to propose that mosquitoes are important vectors of disease?

A

Patrick Manson

Demonstrated mosquitoes can transmit larva stage of trematodes

16
Q

What cells are initially infected by sporozoites in a primary host that has theileriosis?

A

Sporozoites attack and invade a lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell)

17
Q

Found primarily in pigs?

A

Balantidium coli

18
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Primarily in pigs
Large size
Balantidiosis- occurs when malnourished widespread and close association of humans to pigs occurs

19
Q

What is the infective stage of the fish disease known as ick?

A

Infective stage is free swimming trophozoite (tomites, theronts)

20
Q

Ichthyophthirius multifilis

A

Known as ick or white spot disease
- infective stage is free swimming trophozoite
Tomont- cyst
Tomites- swimming trophozoite

21
Q

What does the white spot on the fish contain?

A

Mature protozoan parasites

22
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa

A

All are parasitic
No locomotor organelles except flagellated microgametes in some
Apical complex

23
Q

Apicomplexan life cycle

A

Gamonts- (gametogony) gametes- (fusion) zygote- oocyst- (sporogony) sporozoites- (merogony) Merozoites

24
Q

Monocystis

A

Earthworms

25
Q

Gregarina

A

Mealworms

26
Q

Coccidiosis symptoms

A
Standing hunched with ruffled feathers
Paleness
Eating/drinking less
Inactive/alone
Off color/ bloody droppings
27
Q

Coccidian Parasites- Family Eimeriidae

A
  • a ton of species
  • most occur in epithelial tissues
  • some in blood
  • micro & macrogamonts develop without syzygy
  • over 20 genera in Family Eimeriidae alone
  • Eimera spp.
28
Q

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Duadenum

A
E. acervulina
E. mivati 
E. hagani 
E. praecox
E. mitis
29
Q

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Small intestine

A

E. necatrix - highly pathogenic

E. maxima

30
Q

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Large intestine

A

E. brunetti- high path

31
Q

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Caecum

A

E. tenella- high path

32
Q

Family Sarcocystidae

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Disease known as -toxoplasmosis
Felines are primary host
Cats- enterieputhdlial & extraintestinal
Other- only extra
-congenital toxoplasmosis- from pregnant mother to fetus

33
Q

Pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis

A

Early- low transmission, but severe disease
Late- high transmission, more benign symptoms
* Intracerebral calcification
* Hydrocephaly

34
Q

Benign Tertian Malaria

Plasmodium vivax and ovale

A
48 hr cycle of chills and fever
Can only invade reticulocytes- 6% of rbc’s
Primarily of tropics
Hynozoite- formation and relapses
Shuffners dots
Duffy blood groups- vivax
35
Q

Quarter Malaria- Plasmodium malariae

A

Cosmopolitan
Paroxysms follow a 72 hour cycle
Only human Plasmodium species that has animal reservoirs
Low parasitemia- 1 in 20,000 rbc’s but may persist for years
Only infects old/aging red blood cells
Slow buildup in circulation- blood smears difficult

36
Q

Malignant Tertian Malaria- Plasmodium falciperum

A
Most dangerous 
Account for ~ 50% of all malarial cases
48 hours paroxysms 
Merozoites can invade rbc’s of any age
RBC knobs
Black water fever
Cerebral malaria
37
Q

Heterozygote advantage
Homozygous dominant (normal)
AA

A

Die or reduced reproduction from malaria

Prone to infection like p. Falciperum

38
Q

Heterozygote advantage
Homozygous recessive
aa

A

Die or reduced reproduction from sickle cell anemia
Doesn’t carry oxygen well
Sticks and clogs

39
Q

Heterozygote advantage
Heterozygote carriers
Aa

A

Survive and reproduce more
More common in population
Red blood cells cannot be penetrated by plasmodium

40
Q

Haemoproteus columbae

A

In pigeons

Vector- Culicoides flies

41
Q

Leucocytozoon simondi

A

Ducks, geese, swans

Vector- Simulidae flies

42
Q

Vector for L. simondi?

A

Flies

Simulidae

43
Q

Vector for H. columbae

A

Flies

Culicodes

44
Q

What is the phylum Apicomplexa named after? Describe

A

Apical complex

45
Q

What process produce Merozoites

A

In coccidiosis, merozoites form the first phase of the internal life cycle of coccidian. In the case of Plasmodium, merozoites infect red blood cells and then rapidly reproduce asexually. The red blood cell host is destroyed by this process, which releases many new merozoites that go on to find new blood-borne hosts.

46
Q

What causes coccidiosis

A

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected feces or ingestion of infected tissue. Diarrhea, which may become bloody in severe cases, is the primary symptom.

47
Q

What causes Texas cattle fever?

A

Babesia bigemina

48
Q

Babesia bigemina

A

Texas cattle fever
Babesiosis in humans
Ticks- vector
Genus- Boophilus