Exam 2 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
histology
A
study of tissue
2
Q
4 major tissue types
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
3
Q
extracellular matrix
A
synthesized and secreted by cells of the tissue
proteoglycans
insolvable protein fibers (collagen)
4
Q
epithelial tissue
A
line any free surface any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross it cellular little matrix avascular leaky and tight
5
Q
simple squamous
A
a single layer of flattened cells
blood vessels and heart
allows materials to pass via diffusion and filtration
6
Q
simple cuboidal
A
a single layer of cube-shaped cells
kidney tubules, glands, ducts, thyroid
secretion and absorption
7
Q
simple columnar
A
a single layer of column cells lines GI tract microvilli goblet cells absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc
8
Q
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
A
cilia and goblet cells secrete substances (mucus) and propels mucus
9
Q
stratified squamous non keratinized
A
several layers of flattened cells
alive
protect underlying tissues in vulnerable areas
mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus
10
Q
stratified squamous keratinized
A
several layers of flattened cells
dead
waterproof keratin
epidermis
11
Q
transitional epithelium
A
flattened or cuboidal
allows stretching without rupturing
bladder, uterus, urethra
12
Q
stratified cuboidal
A
several layers of cube-shaped cells
protect duct areas of sweat, salivary, and mammary glands
13
Q
goblet cell
A
secrete mucus
14
Q
exocrine glands
A
release secretions to the outside environment via ducts
sweat, mammary, salivary glands
serous, mucus, mixed
15
Q
endocrine
A
ductless glands that release hormones to the intracellular fluid
pancreas, thyroid, gonads, pituitary
16
Q
characteristics of connective tissue
A
lots of extracellular matrix with scattered cells
collagen, elastin, or reticular fibers
17
Q
-blast
A
a cell that is growing or secreting matrix
18
Q
-clast
A
a cell is actively breaking down matrix
19
Q
-cyte
A
a cell that is not actively making or destroying the matrix
20
Q
collagen
A
most abundant protein
flexible but inelastic
21
Q
elastin
A
allows stretching and recoils
22
Q
reticular
A
thin, short branching collagen fibers
23
Q
areolar connective tissue
A
lots of matrix with all 3 fiber types
contain fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs
forms lamina propria, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
24
Q
adipose tissue
A
little matrix
highly vascular
triglyceride storage, insulation, supports and protects organs
25
reticular connective tissue
```
a network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance
forms stroma for soft organs
lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow
forms the internal soft skeleton
lots of nuclei
```
26
dense regular connective tissue
parallel bundles of collagen with little ground substance
resists pulling forces along the length of fiber
ligaments and tendons
attach muscle to bone or bone to bone
27
dense irregular connective tissue
fibers run in all directions
resists pulling in multiple directions
the dermis of the skin, joint capsules
provide structural strength and support
28
characteristics of cartilage
chondrocytes in lacunae with lots of matrix
| avascular and lacks nerve fibers
29
hyaline cartilage
most abundant
support, reduces friction and compression forces
ends of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, and larynx
30
elastic cartilage
more elastic fibers
allows flexibility while maintaining the shape
the external ear, epiglottis
31
fibrocartilage
lots of collagen
strong shock absorber
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, the meniscus of the knee
32
bone connective tissue
hard calcified matrix with osteocytes sitting in a lacunae
organic: collagen
inorganic: hydroxyapatite
33
functions of bone
support and protection
site of muscle attachment
stores minerals (Ca+2) and fat
red and yellow bone marrow
34
blood connective tissue
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
| transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, hormone
35
skeletal muscle tissue
attach to the skeleton, generate movement and heat
striated
multinucleate
voluntary
36
cardiac muscle tissue
```
heart, propels blood thru body
striated
branched
uninucleate
intercalated discs
involuntary
```
37
smooth muscle tissue
```
walls of hollow organs
fusiform
uninucleate
lacks striations
involuntary
```
38
nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
transmit electrical impulses
neurons and glial cells (supporting cells)
39
characteristics of skin
covers body
stratified squamous keratinized
avascular
40
keratinocytes
most numerous cell in the skin
| produce waterproof keratin
41
melanocytes
spider-shaped cells that produce a pigment called melanin
the deepest layer of the epidermis
surrounds nuclei to protect from UV
42
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
function in the immune system
43
Merkel cells
sensory receptor for touch
44
stratum corneum
20-30 layers of dead cells, the top layer
protect the body from mechanical and chemical stress
inhibit dehydration
cells flake off
45
stratum lucidum
only thick skin
appears clear
2-3 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
in palms and soles of feet
46
stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of flattened cells
organelles begin to disintegrate
cytoplasm full of granules, keratinization taking place
47
stratum spinosum
several layers of keratinocytes linked by desmosomes
| contains dendritic cells
48
dermis
layer deep to the epidermis
blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and appendages
the papillary and reticular layer
49
a papillary layer of the dermis
```
superficial
areolar CT
dermal papillae (projections)
blood vessels and Meisner's corpuscles
fingerprints
create friction
```
50
reticular layer of the dermis
deep (80% of the dermis)
dense irregular CT
tension lines
run lengthwise along with appendages and horizontal along the trunk
cuts made parallel to lines cause less scaring
51
stretch marks
striae
| dermal tears
52
blister
separation of dermis and epidermis
53
hypodermis
adipose tissue deep to the dermis
| cushions, insulates, gives the body shape
54
melanin
pigment
all races have the same number of melanocytes
UV exposure increases the amount of melanin produced
genetics
freckles and moles are accumulations of melanin
55
eccrine sweat glands
most numerous, empty secretion through a pore
| pals, soles of feet and forehead
56
sweat
```
water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, H+, and metabolic wastes
function in thermoregulation
```
57
apocrine glands
```
empty secretion into a hair follicle
found in the axilla and anogenital region
function during puberty
```
58
ceruminous glands
modified apocrine glands in the ear canal
| deter insect or foreign object entry
59
sebaceous glands (oil)
head, face, neck, chest
secrete sebum into the hair follicle
blocked or inflamed are pimples
60
hair
shaft-above skin
root-embedded in the skin undergoes keratinization
color-melanocytes
61
hair follicle
invagination of the epidermis into the dermis
| the expanded end is called the bulb
62
arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle
| attaches to the follicle and causes goosebumps
63
nails
protection and tools
| free edge, body, root
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functions of the integumentary system
chemical protection-acid mantle deters bacterial growth
physical/mechanical barrier-keeps bacteria out and water in
biological barrier-dendritic cells and macrophages
65
sweating
vasodilation
66
shivering
vasoconstriction
67
basal cell carcinoma
cells of stratum basale proliferate into dermis and hypodermis
a least malignant, most common type
68
squamous cell carcinoma
arises in the keratinocyte of the stratum spinosum
| grows rapidly and metastasizes
69
melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
| highly metastatic and resistant to chemo
70
ABCD(E) rule for skin cancer
```
A-asymmetry
B-boarder irregularity
C-color
D-diameter
E-elevation/evolving
```
71
first degree burns
the only the epidermis is damaged
| sunburn
72
second-degree burn
damage epidermis and upper dermis
| exhibit blistering
73
third-degree burn
full-thickness of skin is burned
74
danger of burns
loss of body fluid and electrolytes.
75
long bone
longer than wide
| humorous, femur, radius, ulna
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short bone
about as long as they are wide
| carpals and tarsals
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flat bones
flat, thin, slightly curved
| cranial bones, scapula, ribs, sternum
78
irregular bones
bones that don't fit into other categories
| vertebrae, os coxae, facial bones
79
sesamoid bone
bones that form in tendons
| patella
80
diaphysis
shaft, compact bone
| surrounds marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
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epiphysis
ends of long bones
82
structure of bones
notes
83
compact bone
outside of the bone
| arranged into osteons
84
spongy bones
composed of trabeculae
deep to the compact bone
houses red bone marrow
85
periosteum
the connective tissue surrounding outside of the bone
the inner layer is osteoblasts
the outer layer is dense irregular CT
86
endosteum
connective tissue lining medullary cavity
87
nutrient artery
supplies bone with blood
| enters via the nutrient foramen
88
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage
| growth plate
89
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, hyoid, thoracic cage
90
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, upper and lower extremities, pelvic girdle
91
how are joints classified
type of tissue that connects the bones
92
fibrous joints
```
joined by fibrous CT
no movement
suture of skull
syndesmosis-interosseous ligaments, diaphysis of radius/ulna and tibia/fibula
gomphosis-teeth and bones of the face
```
93
cartilaginous joints
joined by cartilage
synchondrosis-hyaline, between diaphysis and epiphysis, synarthrosis
symphysis-fibrocartilage, pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs, amphiarthrotic
94
synovial joints
freely movable joints
| range of motion and stability depends on the shape, the strength of ligaments, and tone of muscles
95
articular capsule
creates a joint cavity between two bones
the outer layer is dense irregular CT
the inner layer is a synovial membrane with synovial fluid
96
bursa
the fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons as it crosses over bony surfaces
97
tendon sheath
tubular bursa sac that surrounds tendon along its length
98
articular disks or menisci
plates of fibrocartilage found in some joints
| reduce friction and absorb shock
99
flexion
decrease angle between two bones
100
extension
increase angle between two bones
101
hyperextension
increasing angle beyond 180
102
abduction
movement of appendage away from the midline
103
adduction
movement of appendage towards the midline
104
rotation
pivoting around a central axis
105
pronation
rotation of the forarms so plams face posteriorly
106
supination
roation of forearm so plam face anteriorly
107
eversion
turning sole of the foot outward to face the sky
108
inversion
turning sole of food inward to face the sky
109
plantar flection
tippy toes
110
dorsiflexion
pointing the toes to the ceiling
111
protraction
anterior movement in the transverse plane
| underbite or punching
112
retraction
posterior movemnt in teh transverse plane
113
elevation
lifting body part superiorly
114
depression
moving body part inferiorly
115
circumduction
inscribe the shape of a cone with an appendage
116
opposition
touching the thumb to the tips of your fingers
117
chemical composition of bone
35% organic: collagen, allows flexibility and tensile strength
65% inorganic: hydroxyapatite, resists compression
118
intramembranous ossification
formation of flat bones from mesenchymal tissue
skull and clavicles
formation of ossification center, mesenchymal cells
cluster together, differentiate into osteoblasts
osteoid secreted in the fibrous membrane and calcified,
osteoblasts secrete osteoid; trapped osteoblasts
become osteocytes
spongy bone and periosteum for, randomly secrete
osteoid around blood vessels to create trabeculae
vascularized mesenchyme condenses and becomes
periosteum
compact bone replaces spongy bone, spongy bones
gets filled with red bone marrow
119
endochondral ossification
bone formed from hyaline cartilage, all bones except flat bones
primary ossification center in diaphysis when perichondrium is infiltrated with blood vessels
underlying cells convert to osteoblasts
bony collar forms around hyaline cartilage, osteoblasts
secrete osteoid to encase diaphysis
cartilage in the center calcified and develops cavities
chondrocytes hypertrophy signaling calcification which
causes their death
other cartilage elongates the model
periosteal bud invades the internal cavity and spongy
bone forms
osteoclasts erode calcified cartilage
osteoblasts secrete osteoid forming trabeculae
diaphysis elongates and the medullary cavity forms
osteoclasts break down trabeculae and create marrow
cavity
ossification chases cartilage down diaphysis
secondary ossification center forms at epiphysis, no
medullary cavity
cartilage remains at ends, articular cartilage between
epiphysis and epiphyseal plate
120
longitudinal growth
mimics events of endochondral ossification
occurs at the epiphyseal plate
resting zone near epiphysis
proliferation zone, cartilage undergoes mitosis and
pushes epiphysis from the diaphysis
hypertrophic zone, older cartilage enlarges
calcification zone, matrix calcified, chondrocytes die,
matrix deteriorates
ossification zone, osteoblasts lay down spongy bone,
osteoclasts eventually erode this ti form medullary
cavity and length
ends with ossification of the epiphyseal plate into the
epiphyseal line
121
appositional growth
width
osteoblasts underneath the periosteum lay down bone matrix
osteoclasts on the endosteal surface erode bone
122
growth hormone
causes lengthening of the bone during adolescence
too much: gigantism
too little: dwarfism
123
bone deposit
osteoblasts law down bone matrix that is calcified with help of enzyme alkaline phosphatase
124
bone resorption
osteoclasts release a lysosomal enzyme that breaks down the organic matrix and hydrochloric acid that breaks down the hydroxyapatite
125
parathyroid hormone
produced by parathyroid glands
released in response to drop in blood Ca
stimulates osteoclasts to become active and release Ca into the blood
negative feedback shuts off the system
126
calcitonin
produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid
release in response to rising in blood Ca levels
inactive osteoclasts activity
regulated by negative feedback
127
Wolf's Law
a bone grows or remodels in response to the demand placed on it
compression and tension
128
bone repair process
hematoma forms, bone bleeds, and blood clot forms
osteocytes deprived of nutrients die and inflammation occurs
fibrocartilage callus forms
capillaries grow into hematoma bringing phagocytic cells
fibroblasts produce collagen fiber to reconnect bones
some differentiate into chondroblasts and law down cartilage matrix
osteoblasts form spongy bone
bony callus forms, osteoblasts convert fibrocartilage callus to spongy bone
excess material on diaphysis and the medullary cavity is removed
compact bone replaces spongy bone on the exterior
129
comminuted fracture
shattered
| bone breaks into three or more pieces
130
compression fracture
bone is crushed
131
spiral fracture
a fracture occurs due to twisting force
132
epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along with the epiphyseal plate
133
depressed fracture
bone is pressed inward
134
greenstick fracture
only one side of the bone breaks
135
the strongest type of tissue
dense regular CT
136
not a function of the integumentary system
blood calcium regulation
137
which layer of skin can the lamina propria be found
a papillary layer of the dermis
138
what can be found in the diaphysis of a long bone
yellow bone marrow
139
statement not true regarding bone tissue
the organic matrix is solely responsible for the strength of bone
140
looking under a microscope and see the cells do not have a nucleus, what tissue types
1 and 3 correct
blood
stratified squamous keratinized
141
best describes smooth muscle
1, 2, 3
| fusiform ,uninucleate, involuntary
142
joints that are classified as cartilaginous joints
2 and 4
ribs and sternum
pubic symphysis
