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x SCO summer 2015 Pharmacology > Exam 2 all drugs > Flashcards

Exam 2 all drugs Flashcards

(139 cards)

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1
Q

Mechlorethamine

A

Alkylating Agent. Cross links between guanine bases in DNA Causes strand breakage and the occasional miscoding mutations. Very unstable blistering agent. Via IV. almost no drug is excreted. Severe nausea and vomiting Severe bone marrow depression Latent viral infections due to immunosuppression Patient will be very susceptible to infection. Must use caution.

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2
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. common long–term myasthenia gravis treatment.

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3
Q

Cefotaxime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. GOOD CSF penetration. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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4
Q

Metoprolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists. Increased survival after MI

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5
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Antibiotics – induces cytotoxicity and free radicals. must be given IV. Red urine and dark red veins because of extravasation.

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6
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antimetabolite – Prevents folic acid conversion to THF leading to decreased DNA/ protein materials. Thymidine depletion is most prominent. Low doses Tx inflammatory diseases (Rheumatoid arthritis, crohn disease). via oral, IM, IV. intrathecal for CNS. Avoid in pregnancy. can lead to crystalluria

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7
Q

Cevimeline

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Used in Sjogren’s syndrome (for salivation)

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8
Q

Tetrahydrozoline

A

(aka visine) Alpha–1 agonists. It sucks! Leads to rebound redness due to receptor desensitization Local constriction reduces red eye

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9
Q

Bicalutamide

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes.

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10
Q

Bethanechol

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. More resistant to AChE

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11
Q

Leuprolide

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that is GnRH analog. Tx prostate and breast cancer. Fewer side effects with treatment than estrogen

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12
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha–1 agonists. it’s a Mydriatic (eye dilator) and OTC decongestant. Tx for Hypotension. also found in many OTC medications for congestion (local constriction) Used often for acute hypotension caused by severe hemorrhage, decreased blood volume, shock, etc. Diagnosis of Horner’s

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13
Q

Ceftaroline

A

5th Gen Cephalosporins. gram positive. improved gram negative. is activeagainst S. aureus (including MRSA) and S. pneumoniae. elimination through Kidney.

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14
Q

Interferons

A

Recombinant DNA via bacteria, activation of macrophages and suppression of cell proliferation. Alpha– primarily leukocytic Beta– produced by CT fibroblasts Gamma– produced by T–lymphocytes

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15
Q

Cefprozil

A

2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney.

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16
Q

Lomustine

A

Alkylating Agents. Alkylates DNA. Tx brain tumors (crosses CNS). via oral. Kidney excretion. AE: Delayed hematopoietic depression, development of aplastic marrow, renal toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis

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17
Q

Goserelin

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that is GnRH analog. Tx prostate and breast cancer. Fewer side effects with treatment than estrogen

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18
Q

Cefpodoxime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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19
Q

Pralidoxime

A

Reactivates AChE

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20
Q

Bevacizumab (Avastin)

A

Monoclonal antibody … Anti VEGF. Tx retinal neovascular diseases. Via IV.

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21
Q

Prednisone

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that reduces cell growth and proliferation. Tx lymphomas and induces remission. Via oral, excreted urine. Predispose patient to infection, Hyperglycemia, Cataract formation, increased IOP, Osteoporosis, Mood changes: hyper and happy

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22
Q

Cephalexin (Keflex)

A

1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney. Tx eye (lid) infections. tx pharyngitis

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23
Q

Oxacillin

A

Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph.

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24
Q

Salmeterol

A

Beta–2 agonists

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25
Doripenem
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
26
Cytarabine
Antimetabolite – interferes with DNA polymerase. Given IV, excreted in the Kidneys. high doses can induce chemical conjunctivitis.
27
Scopolamine
Muscarinic blocker. Good for seasickness but can cause drowsiness and amnesia. used for pre–anesthesia.
28
Tadalafil
(Cialis) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
29
Cefditoren
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
30
Terbutaline
Beta–2 agonists. Tx long–term asthma
31
Tacrine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer's (not as often as other options because of side effects)
32
Imipenem–cilastatin
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
33
Varenicline (Chantix)
Direct acting, agonist for ACh
34
Dobutamine
Beta–1 agonist
35
Ceftizoxime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
36
Formoterol
Beta–2 agonists
37
Prazosin
Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate
38
Brimonidine
(Alphagan–P) Alpha–2 agonists. Tx of glaucoma
39
Amoxicillin
Aminopenicillins. tx Gram (+). limited gram (–) coverage Considered extended spectrum. via only oral. Almost completely absorbed. COMBINE WITH CLAVULANIC ACID FOR AWESOMENESS
40
Neostigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Reverses neuromuscular blockade produced during anesthesia. Used in myasthenia Gravis
41
Carvedilol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial alpha–1 antagonist activity
42
Cefdinir
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
43
Vardenafil
(Levitra) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
44
Dicyclomine
Muscarinic blocker
45
Dactinomycin
Antibiotics – interfere with DNA between GC pair and interferes with RNA polymerase. sometimes combined with methotrexate. via IV. liver excretion. SENSITIZES PATIENT TO RADIATION. Bone marrow depression, Immunosuppression, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia,
46
Daptomycin
Other" antibiotic. induces rapid depolarization of cell membrane. tx gram positive, skin infections. Inactivated by pulmonary surfactants
47
Labetalol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial alpha–1 antagonist activity. Can be used in hypertensive emergency
48
Alprenolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists
49
Tamoxifen
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists.. Estrogen antagonist. First line treatment for breast cancer (and prophylactic). often given with leuprolide. Hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, skin rash; Potential to cause endometrial cancer; Crystalline retinopathy and other vision probs
50
Nicotine
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Can be absorbed through the skin.
51
Metaproterenol
Beta–2 agonists. Tx Asthma
52
Carteolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
53
Esmolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists. Very short acting (Eskimos are short)
54
Nilutamide
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes. NILUTAMIDE CAN CAUSE VISUAL PROBLEMS
55
Paclitaxel
Microtubule Inhibitors – binds to tubulin and makes too stable. via IV. P450 metabolism Biliary excretion. Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy. Docetaxel is more potent than paclitaxel.
56
Cefaclor
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negativecoverage. elimination through Kidney.
57
Doxazosin
Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate. Doxazosin has longer half–life
58
Retuximab
Monoclonal antibody … Induce cell–mediated cytotoxicity. Tx Lymphomas and Leukemias. Via IV. Severe rxns have been fatal, must be infused slowly. Hypotension, bronchospasm and angioedema. Chills and fever after first infusion. Cardiac arrhythmia. You don't see nausea vomitinghair falling out
59
Malathion
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
60
Docetaxel
Microtubule Inhibitors – binds to tubulin and makes too stable. via IV. P450 metabolism Biliary excretion. Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy Docetaxel contraindicated in cardiac disease (can cause fluid retention) and is more potent than paclitaxel
61
Penicillin V
Natural Penicillins. tx Gram (+).CAN be taken orally. Susceptible to inactivation by B–lactamases
62
Timolol (Timoptic)
Non–selective beta antagonists. Very effective when used topically to the eye, but do not prescribe for an asthmatic patientIncreased survival after heart attack
63
Yohimbine
Alpha–2 antagonist. Used to treat ED Still found in many OTCs/”nutritional supplements”
64
Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Muscarinic blocker. Tx COPD and Asthma
65
Phenoxybenzamine
Non–selective alpha antagonists. IRREVERSIBLE. Greater affinity for alpha 1 over alpha 2. Used for pre–op treatment in cases of pheochromocytoma to control hypertension
66
Cefazolin
1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney. longer duration of action (penetrates bone!)
67
Pindolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
68
Nebivolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists
69
Carmustine
Alkylating Agent. Alkylates DNA. Tx brain tumors (crosses CNS). via IV. Kidney excretion. AE: Delayed hematopoietic depression, development of aplastic marrow, renal toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis
70
Donepezil
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer's
71
Atenolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists
72
Pilocarpine
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Older treatment for glaucoma. Used in Sjogren's syndrome (for salivation)
73
Vinblastine
Microtubule Inhibitors–halts anaphase. IV injection. Metabolism by the P450 system. Excretion via bile and feces. hyperuricemia (buildup of uric acid in the urine) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia. Phlebtis or cellulitis if extravasation occurs
74
Physostigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE
75
Dicloxacillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph.
76
Midodrine
Alpha–1 agonists. Tx orthostatichypotension (it helps get blood to the heart)
77
Penbutolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
78
Ertapenem
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
79
Cefepime
4th Gen Cephalosporins. has furtherdiminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage and FULL coverage against Pseudomonas. elimination through Kidney.
80
Phentolamine
Non–selective alpha antagonists. Causes cardiac stimulation via reduced peripheral resistance Used in an injection format for treatment of ED – may lead to orthostatic hypotension and fibrosis (eek!)
81
Sildenafil
(Viagra) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
82
Apraclonidine
Alpha–2 agonists. Tx of glaucoma
83
Bleomycin
Antibiotics – scission of DNA. Tx testicular cancer. Via subcutaneous, IM, or IV. Kidney excretion. can cause Pulmonary toxicity Alopecia Hypertrophic skin changes and hyperpigmentation Fever and chills
84
Galantamine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer's
85
Rivastigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer's
86
Atropine
Muscarinic blocker. not very selective. week long duration! has minimal CNS effects. Good for pre–anesthesia. Tx cholinergic poisoning (but doesn't help against nicotinic effects)
87
Ticarcillin
Antipseudomonal Penicillins. has good gram (–) coverage (considered extended spectrum). via IV or IM.
88
Albuterol
Beta–2 agonists. Most commonly used asthma Rx
89
Cefixime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
90
Edrophonium (Tensilon)
Short Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. used for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis. also Reverses neuromuscular blockade produced during anesthesia
91
Piperacillin
Antipseudomonal Penicillins. tx Gram (+). has good gram (–) coverage (considered extended spectrum). via IV or IM
92
Cyclopentolate
Muscarinic blocker. short duration (1 day). Good for accurate refraction, dilated fundus exam, uveitis treatment
93
Parathion
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
94
Acetylcholine (Miochol)
Direct acting, agonist for ACh
95
Tiotropium (Spiriva)
Muscarinic blocker. Tx COPD and Asthma
96
Cisplatin
Platinum coordinating complex, forms cross–links in guanine. IV administration. Little penetration to CSF Renal excretion. Severevomiting, Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity
97
Oxaliplatin
Platinum coordinating complex, IV administration. Little penetration to CSF. Renal excretion. forms cross–links in guanine. Mild nausea, myelosuppression
98
Terazosin
Alpha–1 antagonists
99
Acebutolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
100
Ampicillin
Aminopenicillins. tx Gram (+). limited gram (–) coverage Considered extended spectrum. via only oral.
101
Norepinephrine
non–selective Alpha/beta agonist. Little effect on Beta 2 receptors Used often for acute hypotension caused by severe hemorrhage, decreased blood volume, shock, etc.
102
6–thioguanine
Antimetabolite – Inhibits the first step of purine–ring biosynthesis and blocks formation of AMP. Genetic counseling is recommended because some patients accumulate higher toxic metabolites. Don't use for maintenance therapy
103
Sarin
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
104
Propranolol
Non–selective beta antagonists. Increased survival after heart attack
105
Homatropine
Muscarinic blocker. Second longest effect (1–3 days). Good for accurate refraction, uveitis treatment
106
Tropicamide
Muscarinic blocker. shortest duration (6 hours). Good for dilated fundus exam, uveitis treatment
107
Clonidine
Alpha–2 agonists. Tx high blood pressure.
108
Anastrozole
Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitors: decrease the production of estrogen. More potent selective. Do not need hydrocortisone supplement. does not predispose to endometrial cancer.
109
6–mercaptopurine
Antimetabolite– Inhibits the first step of purine–ring biosynthesis. Given orally in spite of lower bioavailability. Bone marrow depression Anorexia, nausea, can cause JAUNDICE
110
Cefoxitin
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney.
111
Clavulanic acid + amoxicillin (Augmentin)
β–lactamase Inhibitor + Antibiotic Combos. bindand inactivate penicillinases allowing combined drugs to work. Used in to treat many eye infections.
112
Cefuroxime
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney. can cross BBB. Tx bronchitis / pneumonia in the elderly/immunocompromised
113
Methicillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+).
114
Carbachol
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. more resistant to AChE. Older treatment for glaucoma
115
Dacarbazine
Alkylating Agents. Attacks nucleophilic groups in DNA. Tx melanoma. via IV. Nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity
116
Nafcillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph. High toxicity, causes interstitial nephritis Used only to identify MRSA.
117
Telavancin
Other" antibiotic. inhibits cell wall. tx gram positive. (also MRSA). Tx skin infections. Taste disturbances, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, foamy urine, NOT to be used during pregnancy Caution in cardiac conditions"
118
Meropenem
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
119
Aztreonam
Monobactams. only for gram negative! tx pseudomonas. it's a ring not fused to another ring. No cross reactivity with penicillin!
120
Betaxolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists. Also used as a glc tx
121
Letrozole
Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitors: decrease the production of estrogen. More potent selective. Do not need hydrocortisone supplement. does not predispose to endometrial cancer.
122
Ceftriaxone
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gonorrhea. BILE excretion further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal).
123
Exemestane
Steroidal inhibitor of aromatase. Tx Breast cancer. Via oral.
124
Carboplatin
Platinum coordinating complex, IV admistration. Little penetration to CSF. Renal excretion. forms cross–links in guanine. Mild nausea, myelosuppression
125
Aminoglutethimide
Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitor. Tx breast cancer. Also inhibits hydrocortisone synthesis, given with hydrocortisone.
126
5–fluorouracil
Antimetabolite – Thymidine analog that prevents DNA synthesis. Tx skin cancer. Through IV and topically. Excreted in the kidney/lungs. Can cause anorexia.
127
Penicillin G
Natural Penicillins. tx Gram (+).Cannot be taken orally. Susceptible to inactivation by B–lactamases
128
Echothiophate
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
129
Cefadroxil
1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney
130
Nadolol
Non–selective beta antagonists. Long duration of action
131
Flutamide
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes.
132
Ceftibuten
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
133
Vincristine
Microtubule Inhibitors–halts anaphase. IV injection. Metabolism by the P450 system. Excretion via bile and feces. hyperuricemia (buildup of uric acid in the urine) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia. Phlebtis or cellulitis if extravasation occurs.
134
Ceftazidime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
135
Oxybutynin
Muscarinic blocker. Tx urinary urgency/bladder spasm.
136
Tamsulosin
(Flomax) Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate. Tx enlarged prostate (BPH) but can cause Floppy iris syndrome in cataract surgery patients.
137
Vancomycin
Other" antibiotic. Inhibits cell wall synthesis. mostly topical because oral = nephrotoxicity. via slow IV. elim via kidneys. tx enterocolitis (oral). Fever, chills, phlebitis at injection site, flushing and/or shock if rapid infusion (can pretreat with anti–histamine)"
138
Bacitracin (common ocular)
Other" antibiotic. Gram positive. similar to vancomycin. via TOPICAL. SAFE IN PREGNANCY. causes nephrotoxicity. Tx MRSA, infection blepharitis, corneal ulcers"
139
Isoproterenol
Non–selective beta agonist. Tx cardiac arrest (w/ epinephrine)

x SCO summer 2015 Pharmacology (6 decks)

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