Exam 2: Alterations in Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Why is children’s upper airways more prone to obstruction?

Answer 1

smaller airway= greater resistance

Question 2

Why do children have a reduced area for gas exchange?

Answer 2

less alveolar surface area.

Question 3

Why do infants have less-efficient response to hypoxia and elevated PC02?

Answer 3

Bc immature respiratory and neurologic system.

Question 4

True or false chest wall stiffens with age so you see more retractions.

Answer 4

false: less

Question 5

True or false: lymph tissue(tonsils and adenoids) grow rapidly in early childhood; atrophies after age 12.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

True or false: larynx and glottis are higher in neck, increasing risk for aspiration.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

Why do children have a greater risk for aspiration?

Answer 7

higher bifurcation(T3 level instead of T6), and right mainstem has a steeper slope.

Question 8

What is wheezing? stridor?

Answer 8

high-pitched sound on expiration; may occur with obstruction in lower trachea or bronchioles; high-pitched sound on inspiration.

Question 9

what are rales?

Answer 9

crackling sounds heard when alveoli become fluid filled; may occur with pneumonia.

Question 10

When is foreign body aspiration most common?

Answer 10

6 months- 4 yrs

Question 11

What foods should you avoid do to aspiration?

Answer 11

carrots, hot dogs, popcorn, nuts.

Question 12

What are some symptoms of aspiration?

Answer 12

sudden coughing or gagging, dyspnea, tachypnea, retractions, stridor

Question 13

What are the three disorders that make up croup syndrome?

Answer 13

laryngotracheobronchitis, tracheitis, epiglottitis.

Question 14

What is a bacterial infection of the trachea often following a viral URI?

Answer 14

tracheitis.

Question 15

What is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes varying degrees of airway obstruction?

Answer 15

Laryngotracheobronchitis.

Question 16

What is inflammation of the tissue that covers the trachea?

Answer 16

epiglottitis

Question 17

What is the most common upper airway disorder of croup syndrome? most life threatening?

Answer 17

Laryngotracheobronchitis; epiglottitis.

Question 18

What are some symptoms of epiglottitis?

Answer 18

high fever, sore throat, drooling, dysphonia tripod

Question 19

What may show up on a neck x-ray with croup syndrome?

Answer 19

steeple sign

Question 20

What are some management for croup syndrome?

Answer 20

antibiotics, antivirals, beta agonists(albuterol), steroids.

Question 21

True of false with epiglottitis do not place child in supine position, do not attempt to visualize throat, do not leave them, provide 100% in least invasive way.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

What are two lower airway disorders?

Answer 22

bronchitis, bronchiolitis

Question 23

What is inflammation of trachea and bronchi known as?

Answer 23

bronchitis

Question 24

What age usually gets bronchiolitis? cause of illness?

Answer 24

2-6 months; RSV

Question 25

what are some common symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 25

shaking chills followed by fever, chest pain in infected lung, severe abdominal pain, dry cough at first then wet, n/v, rapid breathing & HR, SOB

Question 26

what are some tx for pneumonia?

Answer 26

pulse ox, CPAP, fluids, PD, percussion, suctioning, Meds: bronchodilators, steroids, beta-antagonists, synargis: IM(decreases chances of vital upper resp. infections.)

Question 27

When do pneumonia symptoms usually improve?

Answer 27

24-72 hours

Question 28

What are some characteristics of asthma?

Answer 28

inflammation, mucus formation, bronchospasms, airway remodeling, anxiety, cough, wheeze, dyspnea

Question 29

What age do you do spirometry readings?

Answer 29

4-5 yrs

Question 30

What are 3 ways to administer asthma meds?

Answer 30

nebulizer, inhaler/spacer, dry powder inhaler.

Question 31

What is SIDS?

Answer 31

unexplained death under age 1 after autopsy, scene investigation, and review of history.

Question 32

What age does SIDS most likely happen?

Answer 32

2-4 months.

Question 33

True or false in infants It is important to avoid loose bedding and smoke exposure.

Answer 33

true

Question 34

What are some initial signs of RF?

Answer 34

restlessness, tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis

Question 35

What are some early decompensation signs of RF?

Answer 35

nasal flaring, retractions, grunting, wheezing, anxiety, irritability, mood changes, HA, htn, confusion.

Question 36

What are some severe signs of hypoxia in RF?

Answer 36

dyspnea, bradycardia, cyanosis, stupor, coma.

Question 37

What are some Respiratory distress tx?

Answer 37

oxygenation, positioning, fluids, meds: bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids.

Question 38

In upper airway disorders we should watch for?

Answer 38

inspiratory stridor, barking cough, hoarseness

Question 39

In lower airway disorders we should watch for?

Answer 39

wheezes, crackles, high-pitched or absent sounds