Exam 2: Head, Ears, Nose, Throat

Question 1

What are three differences in children vs. adults?

Answer 1

changes in Eustachian tubes, nasal breathers, enlarged tonsils.

Question 2

When do sutures ossify?

Answer 2

6-18 yrs

Question 3

What are the male adolescent facial changes?

Answer 3

nose and thyroid cartilage enlarge, facial hair appears.

Question 4

What is acromegaly?

Answer 4

some facial features are larger than normal.

Question 5

what is craniofacial dystosis?

Answer 5

not symmetrical facial features.

Question 6

What increased in infants by 3 months?

Answer 6

salivation.

Question 7

What sinuses are present at birth but very small? which ones begin developing at 3 yrs?

Answer 7

maxillary, ethmoid; frontal, sphenoid

Question 8

When do permanent teeth begin forming?

Answer 8

6 months of age.

Question 9

When do you start getting permanent teeth and when is it completed?

Answer 9

6 yrs- 14 or 15 yrs

Question 10

What is craniotabes?

Answer 10

softening of the outer table of the skull.

Question 11

What are some common medical treatments for ear disorders?

Answer 11

pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes, hearing aids, cochlear implants.

Question 12

what are some common drugs for ear and eye disorders?

Answer 12

antibiotics, antihistamines, analgesics

Question 13

True or false: 1 million children are affected with hearing impairment.

Answer 13

true

Question 14

What are some common causes of conductive hearing loss?

Answer 14

impacted cerumen; otitis externa, trauma, foreign body.

Question 15

True or false you should get a language and hearing test if frequent otitis media or middle ear effusion > 3 months,

Answer 15

true

Question 16

When are screening tests?

Answer 16

16-24 months

Question 17

What are some signs of hearing impairment in an infant?

Answer 17

lack of startle reflex, failure to localize sound by 6 months, absence of babble or inflections by age 7 months, failure to speak by 24 months.

Question 18

What age ranges do the following occur?

1) turns head to sound, recognizes moms voice; babbles
2) reacts to loud noises; responds with smile to voice.
3) makes varies noises; imitates simple sounds; responds to name and no-no or bye bye.

Answer 18

1) 4-8 months
2) newborn-4 months
3) 8-12 months

Question 19

What are the levels of hearing loss?

1) severe loss
2) moderate loss
3) mild loss
4) normal
5) profound loss
6) death

Answer 19

1) 60-80 dB
2) 40-60 dB
3) 20-40 dB misses 50% of everyday convo.
4) 0-20 dB
5) > 80 dB
6) > 90 dB

Question 20

What type of hearing loss results when transmission of sound through the middle ear is disrupted, as in the case of OME.?

Answer 20

Conductive hearing loss

Question 21

What hearing loss is caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or along the auditory pathway.?

Answer 21

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 22

true or false if a child has hearing impairment it is important to face them when speaking.

Answer 22

true

Question 23

What would an abnormal TM look like?

Answer 23

erythema, swollen, lost light reflex.

Question 24

What are some risk factors of otitis media?

Answer 24

cigarette smoke, day care centers, increased pacifier use, bottle propping.

Question 25

True or false: otitis media maybe asymptomatic which could lead to hearing loss.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

What are some tx for otitis media?

Answer 26

tympanostomy- tube placement analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics. antihistamines and decongestants are not effective.

Question 27

who commonly gets otitis media with effusion?

Answer 27

under age 15; males

Question 28

what are some symptoms of OM with effusion?

Answer 28

hearing loss, clogged ear, language delays, poor school performance, frequent OM, little or no pain.

Question 29

What does TM of OM with effusion look like?

Answer 29

retracted or convex, may see air-fluid or bubbles, landmarks blurred, mobility decreased, + weber of affected ear.

Question 30

What is Otitis Externa also known as?

Answer 30

swimmers ear

Question 31

What is tx for otitis externa?

Answer 31

steroid(hydrocortisone) drops for inflammation, antibiotics if bacterial.

Question 32

Who is epistaxis common in?

Answer 32

school-agers and males

Question 33

What can cause nose bleeds in anterior nares?

Answer 33

veins irritated from dry air, foreign body, nose picking, coughing, allergies

Question 34

True or false if epistaxis is a posterior problem it is usually more problematic.

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Tx for a bloody nose?

Answer 35

sit up right with head forward and squeeze or apply pressure for 10-15 minutes.

Question 36

What is the number one concern for peds?

Answer 36

URI

Question 37

What are some symptoms of sinusitis?

Answer 37

usually URI for 10 days with persistant cough, malodorous breath, mouth breathing, increased purulent drainage, facial pain, HA, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, hyponasal speech.

Question 38

Tx for sinusitis?

Answer 38

antibiotics and antipyretics

Question 39

What are some symptoms of viral pharyngitis?

Answer 39

nasal congestion, mild sore throat, pink eye, cough, mild pharyngeal redness, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever less than 101 F

Question 40

What are some symptoms of strep or bacterial pharyngitis?

Answer 40

abrupt onset, tonsillar exudate, painful cervical lymphadenopathy, n/v, abdominal pain, HA, fever > 101 F, hot potato voice.

Question 41

What do you assess for in a patient who had a tonsillectomy?

Answer 41

increased swelling and swallowing difficulty, fluid balance, will have sore throat and possible ear pain, assess for bleeding.

Question 42

What are some early signs of bleeding with tonsillectomy? late?

Answer 42

frequent swallowing; hypotension, tachycardia

Question 43

What is a tonsillar infection that has spread to surrounding tissues and causes cellulitis?

Answer 43

peritonsillar abscess

Question 44

What is infection of the lymph nodes that drain the adenoids, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses?

Answer 44

retropharyngeal abscess.