exam 2 -brain Flashcards
1
Q
the brain is composed of
A
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
2
Q
brainstem consists of
A
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
3
Q
function of medulla oblongata
A
Is a relay center for sensory input and motor input
- also responsible for many basic reflex actions
- contains pyramids, autonomic nervous system center, interior part of 4th ventricle
4
Q
What is the cerebellum
A
not part of the brainstem
- concerned with higher motor and sensory functions
- left and right cerebellar hemispheres
- contains cerebellar peduncles
5
Q
pyramids
A
bilateral ridges on anterior side
- contain only motor neurons
- most axons cross over to the other side (decussate)
6
Q
autonomic nervous system center is composed of
A
cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center
7
Q
what is the cardiac center
A
regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
8
Q
what is the vasomotor center
A
constricts and dilates arterioles
- regulates blood pressure
- constrict = raise pressure
- dilate = lower pressure
9
Q
what is the respiratory center
A
regulates breathing rate
10
Q
what is the pons
A
- middle portion of brainstem
- composed of groups of axons
- attains: Pontine respiratory center and superior part of 4th ventricle
11
Q
function of pontine respiratory center
A
helps control Raye and depth of breathing
12
Q
Describe the location of the superior part of the 4th ventricle
A
continuous with cerebral aqueduct
13
Q
Midbrain
A
Superior part of the brainstem that connects the brainstem to the diencephalon
- contains tectal plate, cerebral peduncles, and cerebral aqueducts
14
Q
What is the tectal plate
A
posterior aspect of midbrain
Subdivided it into: Superior and inferior colliculi
15
Q
Function of superior colliculi
A
visual reflex centers
- coordinates head and eye movements to sudden image
16
Q
function of inferior colliculi
A
auditory reflex centers
- coordinates head and eye movements to sudden sound
17
Q
what are cerebral peduncles
A
groups of axons on anterior side of midbrain
- motor axons only
- conduct nerve impulses between cerebrum and brainstem
18
Q
what is the cerebral aqueduct
A
connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle
19
Q
what are the cerebellar peduncles
A
group of axons
- inferior cerebellar peduncles
- middle cerebellar peduncles
- superior cerebellar peduncles
20
Q
location purpose of inferior cerebellar peduncles
A
connect medulla oblongata to cerebellum
21
Q
location purpose of middle cerebellar peduncles
A
connect pons to cerebellum
22
Q
location purpose of superior cerebellar peduncles
A
connect midbrain to cerebellum
23
Q
what is the function of cerebellar peduncles
A
- “fine tunes” skeletal muscle movement
- maintains balance
- assists cerebrum in regulation of behavioral expression, cognitive skills, language retrieval
24
Q
what part of the brain initiates movement?
A
cerebrum
25
how do alcohol and drugs play a role in the cerebrum
- uncoordinated (ataxia)
- loss of balance and posture
- inability to detect info (finger to nose with eyes closed)
26
order of cranial meninges from deepest to most superior
```
pia mater
-subarachniod space
arachniod mater
dura mater
-inner meningeal layer
-outer periosteal layer
```
27
what are the dural venous sinuses
- large veins that drain blood from the brain
- between inner meningeal and outer periosteal layers of dura
- vein walls are formed from the dura mater
28
purpose of CSF
- provides buoyancy for brain and spinal cord
| - maintains chemical environment
29
when and where is CSF made?
produced continuously in the ventricles of the brain--chord plexus
30
ventricular system consists of
- left and right lateral ventricles
- 3rd ventricle
- cerebral aqueduct
- 4th ventricle
31
where is the 3rd ventricle found in the brain
space in diencephalon that connects each lateral ventricle via an interventricular foramen
32
where is the left and right lateral ventricles located
in respective left and right hemispheres
33
where is the cerebral aqueduct located
midbrain
34
where is the 4th ventricle located
pons and medulla oblongata
35
describe the flow of the CSF in the brain
```
lateral ventricles-->
interventricular foramen -->
3rd ventricle -->
cerebral aqueduct -->
4th ventricle -->
subarachniod space (circulates here)
```
36
what is the arachnoid villi
extensions of the arachniod mater that project into dural venous sinus
37
what happens if there is built up pressure of CSF
pressure opens flap in arachnaoid villi and pushes excess into blood stream of dural venous sinuses
38
what is the diencephalon
subdivision in the brain completely surrounded by cerebrum
- superior to midbrain
- attaches to pituitary gland
39
what does the diencephalon consist of
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- 3rd ventricle
40
what is the 3rd ventricle and its purpose
- space in diencephalon formed from the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
- produces CSF
41
what is the pineal gland
produces melatonin and regulates circadiam rhythm
- overseen by hypothalamus
- melatonin levels are higher in the night than day
42
what is the thalamus and its function
- 2 oval masses of gray matter, covered with white matter
| - function is to relay point and processing center for all sensory impulses running to cerebrum (sensory info filter)
43
functions of hypothalamus
```
autonomic nervous system control
body temp regulation
water and electrolyte balance
regulation of hunger/food intake
regulation of sleep-wake cycles
control of emotional behavior
```
44
how does the hypothalamus oversee the endocrine system center
produces hormones secreted by posterior (2) and anterior pituitary
45
function of endocrine system
secretes hormones into the blood
46
function of oxytocin and antidiurectic
oxytocin--reproductive system
| antidiurectic--tells kidneys to concentrate urine
47
how does the hypothalamus help body temp regulation
controls temp of blood in blood vessels by releasing/conserving heat
48
how does the hypothalamus control water and electrolyte balance
- "thirst center"
| - examines blood for for water/electrolyte balance
49
how does the hypothalamus regulate hunger/ food intake
"hunger/satiety center"
| examines blood for glucose levels
50
how does the hypothalamus regulate sleep-wake cycles
- regulates pineal gland's secretion of melatonin
| - recognition of light/darkness
51
how does hypothalamus control emotional behavior
express emotional feelings as physical changes (e.g. blushing)
52
overall function of cerebrum
higher brain functions
53
describe how how the white and gray matter is organized in the cerebral cortex
gray- outer layer (cerebral cortex)
| white- inner matter
54
cerebrum structure
- 2 cerebral hemispheres
| - 5 lobes
55
what is the longitudinal fissure
separates cerebral hemispheres
56
what is the corpus callosum
axons that connect L and R hemispheres
57
what is the gyrus
raised/elevated area of cortex
58
what is the sulcus
depression/groove between gyri
59
frontal lobe attains?
separates frontal from parietal lobes
- motor speech area
- primary motor cortex
60
parietal lobe attains?
- primary somatosensory cortex
| - wernickle area
61
temporal lobe attains?
- primary auditory cortex
- wernicke area
- primary olfactory cortex
62
occipital lobe attains?
primary visual cortex
63
insula attains?
- memory
| - primary gustatory cortex
64
what is the motor speech area
- on left frontal
- controls muscular movements needed for speech
- if damaged: physically unable to speak
65
what is the primary motor complex
- located in precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe
- controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement
- left primary motor complex controls right muscles(vice versa)
66
what is the primary somatosensory cortex
- located in post-central gyrus of each parietal lobe
| - receives sensory input from skin, muscles, and joints
67
what is the wernicke area
- overlaps areas in both parietal and temporal lobe
- speech comprehension area
- helps understand written/spoken language
- if damaged: can speak, but its gibberish
68
what is the primary auditory cortex
receives and processes incoming sounds
69
what is the primary olfactory cortex
processes smell info and provides conscious awareness of smells
70
what is the primary visual cortex
receiving and processing incoming visual info
71
what is the primary gustatory cortex
processing taste info
72
receptor definition
structure that converts a sensory stimulus to a nerve impulse, where it goes to the CNS
73
how are receptors classified
- stimulus location
- receptor distribution
- modality of stimulus
74
what are exteroceptors
- near surface of the body
- stimuli from outside environment
- some are cutaneous receptor (skin)
- some are in special sense
75
what are interoceptors (visceroceptors)
primarily stretch receptors in smooth muscle viscera
76
what are proprioceptors
- provides info about muscles, joints, tendons
| - cerebellum receives and integrates proprioceptive info
