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exam 4 digestive system Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract

A

tube that extends from mouth to anus

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2
Q

what organs compose the GI tract

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
anus
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3
Q

what is peristalsis

A

contraction waves in esophagus

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4
Q

digestion definition

A

process of breaking down food into small fragments

  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
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5
Q

absorption definition

A

water and food molecules pass through GI lymphatics and blood vessels

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6
Q

functions of the digestive system

A

digestion
absorption
eliminates waste

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7
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs

A 
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
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8
Q

describe the components of the peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall
visceral peritoneum: covers abdominal organs
peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

how is the digestive system controlled

A

autonomic nervous system

  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetic
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10
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS interact with GI tract

A

stimulates/increases GI tract

“rest and digest”

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11
Q

how does the sympathetic NS interact with the GI tract

A

inhibits/decreases GI tract

“fight or flight”

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12
Q

oral cavity contains what type of cell tissue

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

describe and number the teeth in each quadrant

A 
total of 32
Incisors (2)
Canines (1)
Premolars (2)
Molars (3)
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14
Q

how does the number of adult teeth differ from the number of kids teeth

A

32 vs 20 teeth

0 premolars and only 1 molar in each quadrant

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15
Q

the tongue is is covered by what tissue?

A

skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

CN IX innervates what part of the tongue

A

posterior taste and sensory

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17
Q

CN VII innervates what part of the tongue

A

anterior taste

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18
Q

CN V innervates what part of the tongue

A

anterior sensory

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19
Q

what exactly is the hard palate

A

anterior 2/3 of palate, bony

composed of maxilla and palatine bones

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20
Q

what exactly is the soft palate

A

posterior 1/3 of palate, formed from skeletal muscle

uvula is attached

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21
Q

function of the soft palate

A

rises to close off nasopharynx when we swallow

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22
Q

the parotid gland is innervated by

A

CN IX

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23
Q

sublingual and submandibular glands are innervated by

A

CN VII

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24
Q

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandicular
sublingual

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25
functions of saliva
- dissolves food molecules so they can be tasted - aids in compacting a bolus - cleanses mouth - chemical digestion of carbohydrates - lysozymes and antibodies in saliva inhibit bacterial growth
26
what is the pharynx
muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth, to larynx and esophagus
27
funciton of the pharynx
skeletal muscle helps us "voluntarily" propel stuff from the mouth to the esophagus
28
which parts of the pharynx conducts both air and food
oropharynx and larynopharynx
29
what type of cells line the nasopharynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
30
what type of cells line the oro-/laryngopharynx
nonkeratinized squamous epithelium
31
list the order of the layers in the pharynx from inner
``` lumen mucosa submucosa muscularis externa advetitia and serosa ```
32
describe the mucosa of the pharynx
- innermost tunic - epithelium - lamina propria - muscularis mucosae: think layer of smooth muscle
33
describe the submucosa of the pharynx
- CT | - contains major blood vessels
34
describe the muscularis of the pharynx
- typically contains 2 layers of smooth muscle tissue + inner circular layer + outer longitudinal layer - responsible for peristalsis
35
describe the serosa or adventitia of the pharynx
- outermost layer - serosa= visceral peritoneum and areolar CT - adventitia= areolar CT only
36
function of the esophagus
propel food to the stomach
37
describe the anatomy of the esophagus
muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach
38
describe the mucosa of the esophagus
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
39
describe the muscularis of the esophagus
2 layers of muscle - upper 1/3: skeletal only - middle 1/3: skeletal and smooth - lower 1/3: smooth only
40
function of the stomach
churns food and mixes it with gastric juices to break it down into chyme
41
location of the stomach
connects esophagus and duodenum in the upper left part of abdomen
42
describe the mucosa of the stomach
simple columnar epithelium - contains gastric pits - contains gastric glands, branching off
43
describe the muscularis of the stomach
3 layers of smooth muscle - innermost oblique - inner circular - outer longitudinal
44
function of small intestine
- finishes the chemical digestion process | - absorbs most of all nutrients
45
describe the 3 portions of the small intestine
duodenum: - receives chyme from stomach jejunum: - 2nd part ileum: - connects to cecum of large intestine
46
describe the duodenum
- c-shaped | - receives bile and enzymes from liver and pancreas through duodenal papilla
47
describe the jejunum
- 3/5 of remaining small intestine | - huge surface area
48
describe the ileum
- last 2/5 of small intestine | - still some folds but MALT (lymphatic structure)
49
what type of tissue is the SI mucosa composed of
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
50
why is there circular fold in the mucosa and submucosa in the SI
- increase surface area of SI through which nutrients can be absorbed - slow down chyme and allow it to mix intestinal juices, allowing time for full nutrient absorption
51
where can villi be found within the SI
circular folds of the mucosa
52
function of the villi
- help increase surface area | - provide greater distance for materials to be ingested and absorbed
53
what are within the centers of the villus
blood vessels and a lacteal, which absorbs lipids
54
function of large intestine
absorption of water and electrolytes | - storage of undigested materials until it can be expelled from the body
55
describe the cecum
connects to ileum - lower right part of abdomen - vermiform appendices attach here
56
describe the ascending colon
right side of the body
57
describe the transverse colon
runs from the right to left side of body
58
describe the descending colon
left side of body
59
describe the sigmoid colon
in pelvic cavity, s-shaped
60
describe the rectum and anal canal
terminal portion of large intestine | - feces leave anal canal through anus
61
describe the mucosa of the LI
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
62
describe the muscularis of the LI
2 layers of smooth muscle - outer longitudinal layers consists of teniae coli - results in haustra: bubble/pouches
63
function of the liver
- produces and secretes bile (aids lipid digestion) | - processes products of digestion (+alcohol and drugs)
64
describe the anatomy of the liver
right lobe left lobe quadrate lobe caudate lobe
65
what are the portal triads
- branch of hepatic portal vein - branch of hepatic artery - branch of bile duct
66
describe the blood flow in the liver
- veins bring nutrients to liver - artery brings oxygen to liver - flow from corners to central vein
67
what is the direction of bile production in the liver
bile produced goes away from central vein
68
function of gallbladder
stores bile secretion by liver
69
location of gallbladder
underneath liver
70
location of pancreas
behind stomach
71
function of acinar cells
secrete pancreatic juice, which leaves via pancreatic duct
72
what is the biliary apparatus
network of "tubes" that transports bile and pancreatic juices to duodenum
73
left and right hepatic ducts come together to form the ?
common hepatic duct
74
cystic duct and common hepatic duct unite to for the?
common bile duct
75
what is the arterial supply to GI tract
- celiac trunk - superior mesenteric artery - inferior mesenteric artery
76
main 4 veins of GI tract
- splenic vein - superior mesenteric vein - inferior mesenteric vein - hepatic portal vein
77
function of hepatic portal system
veins that drain blood from GI tract directly to liver
78
function of hepatocytes
processes blood from hepatic portal vein in the liver, which leaves via hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava

anatomy (15 decks)

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