Exam 2: Cervical Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Ligaments that attach to the typical cervical spinous process
A
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
2
Q
What forms the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
A
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
3
Q
Posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
A
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
4
Q
Superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
A
inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
5
Q
Inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
A
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
6
Q
The unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve
A
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
7
Q
Name of first cervical vertebra
A
atlas
8
Q
Features missing on C1
A
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
9
Q
Represents the pedicle at C1
A
anterior arch
10
Q
Osseous modification on the front of the anterior arch of C1
A
anterior tubercle
11
Q
muscle that attaches to the anterior arch of C1
A
longus colli
12
Q
Ligaments that attach to the anterior arch of C1
A
anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
13
Q
Joint classifications found on anterior arch of C1
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
14
Q
Morphology of the superior articular facet of C1
A
elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
15
Q
orientation of the superior articular facet of C1
A
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
16
Q
Joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis
A
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
17
Q
morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1
A
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
18
Q
joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis
A
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
19
Q
Muscles that attach to the lateral mass of C`
A
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
20
Q
contribution of the posterior arch of the circumference of C1
A
about forty percent
21
Q
Part of C1 that represents the spinous process
A
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
22
Q
Distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender
A
Males: 50 millimeters
Females: 37 millimeters
23
Q
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
A
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
24
Q
Attachments to the arcuate rim of C1
A
posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
25
What atypical bone classification is ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
accessory bone
26
earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed
about 7 years old
27
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
28
Attachment sites of the ponticulus posticus
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas
29
Ethnic populations who have a ponticulus posticus
all ethnic populations studied thus far
30
Percentages of incidence of ponticulus posticus'
1-41%
31
Gender bias associated with ponticulus posticus
female
32
Incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus
complete ponticulus posticus 15%;
| incomplete ponticulus posticus as high as 41%
33
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
"Inferior vertebral notch" and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
34
Location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina
forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
35
Osseous parts of the transverse process of C1
Costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
36
Osseous parts of the transverse process that are absent from C1
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
37
Suboccipital muscles known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
38
Connections between sub occipital muscles and the spinal dura
myodural bridges
39
what are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
40
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
41
Opening identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed
the retrotransverse foramen
42
Possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen
Vertebral artery and a branch from the sub occipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
43
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous
ponticulus posticus
44
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
45
What is in the transverse foramen of C1
1. Vertebral artery
2. Vertebral venous plexus
3. Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
46
Gender variation of measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
Males: 78 millimeters
Females: 72 millimeters
47
Distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
48
Joint classifications observed at C1
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
49
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
5
50
Synovial joint surfaces observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis
51
Names given to C2
Axis or epistropheus
52
Unique vertebral body modification on C2
dens or odontoid process
53
Number of joint surfaces present on the odontoid process of C2
five
54
Joint surfaces present on the odontoid process of C2
1. Facet for fovea dentis
2. Groove for transverse atlantal ligament
3. Attachment sites for the alar ligaments
4. Attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
55
Joint classifications represented at the odontoid process of C2
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
56
Name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior
lordotic dens
57
Name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior
kyphotic dens
58
Number of joints formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2
five
59
Joint classifications present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis cellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
60
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
61
Ligament that forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2
membrana tectoria
62
Ligament that forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2
posterior longitudinal ligament
63
Location of the superior vertebral notch of C2
on the lamina-pedicle junction
64
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
1. Obliquus captifs inferior muscle
2. Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
3. Ligamentum flavum
65
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inferior
66
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
67
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
Backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
68
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2
forward, lateral and down (FoLD)
69
Muscle that attaches to the articular processes of C2
longissimus crevicis
70
Osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process that are absent at C2
Anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
71
What is observed in the transverse foramen at C2
1. Vertebral artery
2. Vertebral venous plexus
3. Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
72
Characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans
bifid
73
Location for palpation of the spinous process of C2
In the midline, about two inches below the external occipital protuberance
74
Ligaments attached to the spinous process of C2
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
75
Names given to C7
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
76
Name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck
vertebral prominence
77
Name given only to C7
vertebra prominens
78
Percentages of men and women that have C7 as the vertebral prominence
Men: 86%
Women: 79%
79
Segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence
C6 more common in women
| T1 more common in males
80
Number of joint surfaces present on vertebral body of C7
eight
81
Joint classification are observed at the vertebral body of C7
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
82
Synovial joint surfaces observed at the vertebral body of C7
right and left uncinate processes
83
Muscles attached to the vertebral body of C7
longus colli muscle
84
Features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
85
Angulation of the articular facet at C7
more vertical at about 63 degrees
86
Orientation of the superior articular face of C7
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
87
Orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
88
Features of the spinous process of C7
long, horizontal, nonbifid
89
Ligaments attaching to the spinous process of C7
Ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
90
Which vertebral artery is typically larger
Left
91
Gender bias regarding size of vertebral artery
Men have larger vertebral arteries
92
Name of physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency
Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
93
Which side artery was tested during the course of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam
Ipsilateral artery on side of rotation
94
Symptoms of failure of vertebral artery to compensate during vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam
Dizziness, vertigo, nausea
95
What vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in transverse foramen
C6
96
What location will vertebra artery form its first compensatory loop
Atlanta-axial interspace
97
What location will vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop
Atlanto-occipital interspace
98
What segments will vertebral artery be firmly attached to transverse Foramen
Both C1 and C2
99
Purpose of vertebral artery looping between C2, C1, and occipital
Increased length will accommodate greater rotation at these locations
100
What happens to vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1
Ascends along MO to pontine-medullary junction where the R and L arteries unite to form the basilar artery
101
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1
RCP minor
| Obliquus capitis superior and inferior
102
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2
RCP major, Obliquus capitis inferior
103
What joint classifications are present at C1
Synovial ellipsoidal
Synovial pivot
Synovial plane
Fibrous syndesmosis
104
What joint classification present at C2
```
Synovial pivot
Synovial plane
Modified synovial saddle
Fibrous syndesmosis
Cartilaginous symphysis
```
105
Joint classifications present at each typical cervical
Synovial plane
Modified synovial saddle
Fibrous syndesmosis
Cartilaginous symphysis
106
Joint classifications present at C7
Synovial plane
Modified synovial saddle
Fibrous syndesmosis
Cartilaginous symphysis
107
What forms boundaries for exit of C1 nerve from spinal canal
```
Occipital condyle
Superior articular process of C1
Capuslarligament
Arcuate rim
Groove for vertebral artery
Posterior Atlanto-Occipital ligament
```
108
What forms the anterior boundary for C2 nerve exit from spinal canal
```
Inferior articular process of C1
Superior articular process of C2
Capsular ligament
Inferior vertebral notch of C1
Superior vertebral notch of C2
Posterior arch of C1
Lamina of C2
Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
```
109
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from spinal canal
Inferior articular process of C1
Superior articular process of C2
Capsular ligament
110
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal
Posterior arch of C1
Lamina of C2
Posterior atlanto-ligament
111
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal
```
Vertebral bodies
IVD
PLL
Uncinates
Lateral groove
```
112
What forms the anterior boundary for C8 nerve exit from spinal canal
```
Vertebral bodies of C7 and T1
IVD
PLL
Capsular ligament of costocentral joint
Superior costal facet of T1
Articular surface of the first rib
```
113
Superior articular facet orientations for cervical vertebrae
C1 is BUM
C2 is BUL
C3-C7 is BUM
114
Inferior articular facet orientations for cervicals
C1 is BMD
C2-C6 is FoLD
C7 is ForMeD
115
How many synovial joints are ID’d for each cervical
```
C1 = 5
C2 = 8
C3-C6 = 8
C7 = 6
```
116
How many joints are ID’d at vertebral body of each cervical
```
C1 = 0
C2 = 10
C3-6 = 10
C7 = 8
```
