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HUM302 - Medieval Culture > Exam 2 (Ch 5-10) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch 5-10) Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Justinian I

A

Emperor of Byzantium from 527 to 565 CE; first Eastern Roman Emperor; attempts recapture of Western Roman land, Nika Riots, built Hagia Sophia, created Justinian’s Code

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2
Q

Secret History

A

Accounts of Theodora’s “sex-capades” written by Procopius after Justinian’s and Theodora’s deaths

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3
Q

Ravenna

A

Capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy; houses mosaics in Basilica of San Vitale

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4
Q

Belisarius

A

Leading general under Justinian I; helped suppress the Nika Riots

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5
Q

icons

A

Holy imagery believed to elevate and reveal the truth

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6
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

Third “Church of the Holy Wisdom;” originally served as the main Eastern Orthodox cathedral for nearly 1000 years

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7
Q

patriarch

A

Archbishop of Constantinople in Eastern Orthodox; analogous to Pope in Catholicism

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8
Q

Theodora

A

Justinian’s wife; influenced laws for women and some conquering of invading tribes; scandals uncovered in Secret History

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9
Q

The Alexiad

A

Written by Anna Comnena (1083-1153); describes reign of father, Alexius I Comnenus (ruled 1081-1118); longest surviving work by a woman in Middle Ages; describes arrival of First Crusade

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10
Q

Procopius

A

Principle Byzantine historian; “trash-talked” Justinian and Theodora

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11
Q

koine

A

Newer Greek dialect used by govt. and church in Byzantium; NT written in koine; differs from older Attic Greek

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12
Q

Corpus Juris Civilis

A

Justinian ordered the consolidation of old Roman laws into a single code (1600 books into only 4)

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13
Q

Constantinople

A

Capital of Byzantine Empire; greatest city of the time (520 CE); blend of Roman, Greek, and Christian culture; bathhouses, hippodrome, and Palace of the Emperor

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14
Q

Eastern Roman Empire

A

Sole cultural center in Constantinople; many great works of literature stem from the Eastern Empire

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15
Q

Iconoclastic Controversy

A

Destruction of iconography and persecution of iconodules because Book of Exodus prohibited images of God; attacks on icons undermines incarnation of Jesus himself though

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16
Q

iconodules

A

those who believed in the veneration of icons

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17
Q

Nika Riots

A

riots started by Greens and Blues gangs fueled by Justinian’s lavish spending, tax increases, and slow reforms; almost half of Constantinople destroyed and burned (~30k dead)

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18
Q

Leo III

A

Emperor that began the Iconoclast Controversy

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19
Q

Persians

A

Persian Empire attacked Byzantium and captured Jerusalem in early 7th c.; Emperor Heraclius defeated Persians and recovered Jesus’ cross

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20
Q

Emperor Irene

A

iconodule widow of Leo IV who ruled as emperor (not empress) (780-90 and 797-802) and restored the use of icons following the first iconoclast controversy

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21
Q

monk

A

“solitary” or “lone” in Greek; men and women who left their homes to live in the wilderness or desert

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22
Q

St. Pachomius

A

recognized as the founder of communal (or cenobitic) monasticism; first to set down a written rule: incl. prayers monks should say daily, balanced prayer with work

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23
Q

Mendicant

A

“begging” – two orders of monks that ministered to the poor and took vows of poverty: Franciscans and Dominicans

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24
Q

Iona

A

St. Columba led Irish monks to establish monastery at Iona, Scotland (563 CE); became leading center of Irish monasticism

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25
St. Patrick
Returned to Ireland after slavery to preach Christianity; organizes parishes and institutes Latin as scholarly language
26
abbot/abbess
Leaders of Irish monasticism; analogous to bishops
27
Monasticism
Movement of devoting life to God and prayer and abandoning civilization
28
St. Athanasius
Bishop of Alexandria that wrote about the life of Anthony (father of monasticism)
29
Celtic Christianity
Ireland was never part of Roman Empire; Irish monasteries were cutoff from Roman Catholicism: different Easter, penance, private confession, abbots
30
Asceticism
Severe self-discipline and avoidance of all indulgences
31
Gregory the Great
Pope (546-604 CE) that reformed Roman clergy around monastic model; encouraged missionary conversion of Germanic tribes
32
St. Anthony
"Father of Monasticism;" sold everything he had and went into the desert (lived 251-356 CE); founded monastery in Egypt
33
St. Columba
Irish monk that traveled throughout Europe establishing Irish monasteries
34
Benedictine Rule
Way of Life based on strict discipline without unnecessary harshness; focus on prayer, physical labor, obedience, and permanence; written by St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547) and used by Benedictine monks
35
Carolingian Empire
Power family of Frankish Kingdom of Austrasia (750-887); came from a long line of bishops and religious leaders
36
Bayeux tapestry
tapestry 70 m long that depicts Battle of Hastings and the beginning of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066
37
Pepin
"The Short;" King of the Franks and first of the Carolingian dynasty (d. 768)
38
Charlemagne
"Father of Europe;" King of the Franks (768-814), King of the Lombards (774-814), and first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814); divided cast empire into 350 counties ruled by counts
39
December 25, 800 CE
Date that Charlemagne was crowned, reviving the title of 'Emperor' in the West; started idea of united Christian community called "Christendom"
40
Clovis I
Leader of Merovingian (Frankish) dynasty (~751); united Frankish tribes; converted to Christianity; wrote Salic Law
41
missi dominici
"envoys of the Lord;" counts/overseers appointed by Charlemagne
42
Magyars
Invading tribe from Hungary
43
Alcuin
Scholar from England that served under Charlemagne and supported education in kingdom; standardization of Latin, textbooks, preaching manuals, and schools
44
Charles Martel
Frankish political and military leader that defeated Muslim invaders at Battle of Tours; eventually ruler of Frankish realm (718-741)
45
Pope Leo III
(papacy 795-816); asked for help against rebellious Roman nobles, Charlemagne agreed
46
Battle of Tours
732 CE -- Muslim forces of Umayyad Caliphate advance into France; defeated by Charles Martel
47
Merovingian dynasty
Frankish dynasty; first dynasty after the Romans - in power for 300 years (mid 5th c. - 751); spread Christianity throughout Western Europe and unified many tribes
48
Louis I the Pious
Son of Charlemagne (ruled 813-840); sons eventually battled for power and weakened kingdom
49
Carolingian Renaissance
The first of three medieval renaissances (late 8th-9th c.); taking inspiration from ancienct Roman and Greek culture - revival of 7 liberal arts
50
Carolingian Minuscule
New form of handwriting introduced under reign of Charlemagne
51
Beowulf
Germanic Epic Heroic Poem about battle with Grendel and mother
52
William the Conqueror
Led Normans to attack and defeat Britains at Battle of Hastings (1066)
53
Homage
Ceremony through which vassals were confirmed by their lord; involved kneeling before lord, clasping hands, and acknowledging lordship
54
Lombards
Germanic tribe that conquered most of Italy between 568 and 774
55
Fief
Land given by a lord in return for a vassal's military service and oath of loyalty
56
peasant/serf
Common people who worked the lord's land
57
Alfred the Great
First true king of the Britons; Translated Latin texts to Old English; advocated for cultural programs and schools; had Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written (history of England) period of prosperity
58
Normans
French-speaking tribe from Normandy; successfully invaded Britain
59
feudal society
division of society into levels with no social mobility
60
Tripartite society
Composed of Clergy (Church/Schools) "those who pray," Nobles/Knights (Court/Castle) "those who fight," and Commoners (Fields/Artisans) "those who work"
61
Levels of feudal society
King -> lords -> vassals -> knights -> serfs
62
heroic ethos
Fought for warrior gods, told tales, inspired chivalry
63
Einhard
Charlemagne's friend and biographer
64
7 liberal arts
Core trivium: grammar, logic, and rhetoric; quadrivium: arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; laid out by Plato in The Republic
65
vassal
holder of land in subordination to a lord on conditions of homage
66
patrilineage
lineage based on paternal line
67
Heptarchy
East Anglia, Wessex*, Mercia*, Essex, Northumbria*, Sussex, Kent
68
Mayor of the palace
An official of the western European kingdoms whose status developed under the Merovingian Franks
69
Song of Roland
Oldest surviving work of French literature; based on Frankish military leader Roland at Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778
70
Theodore of Tarsus
Archbishop of Canterbury 668-690
71
Fortuna
Roman goddess of luck with wheel of fortune/fate popularized by Boethius
72
Synod of Whitby
Christian administrative gathering where King Oswiu ruled that his kingdom would observe Easter on the Roman date rather than the Irish one
73
prior/prioress
next in rank below abbot/abbess
74
scriptorium
room dedicated to the creation of manuscripts
75
Ecclesia
Congregation of people, often for worship
76
allegory
story that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning
77
Ethelbert of Kent
King of Kent that converted to Christianity
78
The Celestial Hierarchies
Work of Pseudo-Dionysius detailing the forms and hierarchies of the angels
79
Arianism
the position the Jesus was created by God; denounced as heresy by the Council of Nicaea
80
Danelaw
Confederacy under Kingdom of Denmark; part of England ceded to Guthrum by King Alfred
81
St. Martin of Tours
Patron saint of France, father of monasticism in Gaul, and first great leader of Western monasticism
82
Sutton Hoo
Large Viking burial ship full of treasure
83
Dane Yield
annual tax paid by Anglo-saxons to vikings; first paid by Aethelred II The Unready
84
Bede
monk known as The Father of English History
85
St. Boniface
Monk who led missions to Germanic Francia and helped join the papacy and carolingians
86
Consolation of Philosophy
About the consolation that philosophy offers; Anything material is incapable of fully satisfying; Fate is always changing; Boethius goes form asking the wrong questions to gaining understanding in 5 books
87
Boethius
Minister to Ostrogothic king Theodoric; fell into disfavor and lost his position
88
Typical Manor Estate
Lord provides serfs with housing and protection, serfs tend lands
89
Feudalism
weak work for strong in return for protection
90
Battle of Hastings
King Harold II was defeated by William the conqueror; results in Norman invasion and introduction of Old French language, culture, and literature to England
91
What led to the Battle of Hastings
William the Conqueror was promised the throne of England, but Harold II was chosen instead
92
What happened to Charlemagne's empire?
Charlemagne's grandsons split into 3 regions (Treaty of Verdun): Charles the Bald (France), Lothar (midlands), Louis (Germany); Grandsons waged war against Louis the Pious
93
Subinfeudation
the granting of land by a vassal to another man who has become his vassal
94
Germanic invasions
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Denmark; integrated their beliefs and customs (The Witan and shires); created the heptarchy
95
Significance of Clovis' conversion
made Christianity the favored religion in his kingdom
96
Gregory the Great's strategy for conversion
'blending' of Christian and pagan beliefs. Ex: Fortuna and the wheel of fortune
97

HUM302 - Medieval Culture (3 decks)

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