Exam 2: Ch. 7-10 Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
function of kidney
A
remove nitrogenous wastes, balance water and electrolytes, degrade and eliminate hormones, release substances
2
Q
nitrogenous waste products
A
urea, uric acid, creatinine
3
Q
triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exists
A
trigone
4
Q
male vs. female urinary system
A
same system; males urethra ~8 inches long, female urethra ~2 inches
5
Q
where does blood enter the kidneys?
A
right and left renal arteries
6
Q
what carries blood to capillaries?
A
arterioles
7
Q
what filters the blood in kidneys?
A
glomeruli
8
Q
tiny couplet structure that surrounds each glomerulus; where urine goes after the glomerulus
A
Bowman’s Capsule
9
Q
basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
10
Q
3 steps in formation of urine
A
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
11
Q
filters water, sugar, waste, sodium
A
glomerular filtration
12
Q
reabsorption of water, sugar, and salt
A
tubular reabsorption
13
Q
secretion of acids, potassium, and drugs
A
tubular secretion
14
Q
all collecting tubules lead to:
A
renal pelvis
15
Q
small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
A
calyces
16
Q
process of forming and expelling urine
A
- bloodstream
- glomerular
- filtration occurs into Bowman’s capsule
- renal tube
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
- urinary meatus
17
Q
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
A
calyx; calyces
18
Q
inflammation of the urinary bladder
A
cystitis
19
Q
conditions of excess fluid (water) in the kidney
A
hydronephrosis
20
Q
scantiness of urine (<400 mL/day)
A
oliguria
21
Q
breaking up kidney stones with sound waves
A
lithotripsy
22
Q
abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway
A
stricture
23
Q
painful urination
A
dysuria
24
Q
hernia of the tube connecting the kidney and urinary bladder
A
ureterocele
25
hardening of blood vessels in the kidney
nephrosclerosis
26
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
edema
27
urine dipstick tests
pH, protein, glucose, ketones, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, bilirubin
28
cali/o; calic/o
calyx; cup-shaped
29
cyst/o
urinary bladder
30
glomerul/o
glomerulus
31
meat/o
meatus
32
nephr/o
kidney
33
pyel/o
renal pelvis
34
ren/o
kidney
35
trigon/o
trigone
36
ureter/o
ureter
37
urethr/o
urethra
38
vesic/o
urinary bladder
39
albumin/o
albumin- protein in the blood
40
azot/o
nitrogen
41
bacteri/o
bacteria
42
dips/o
thirst
43
kal/i
potassium
44
ket/o; keton/o
ketone bodies
45
lith/o
stone
46
natr/o
sodium
47
noct/o
night
48
olig/o
scanty
49
-poietin
substance that forms
50
py/o
pus
51
-tripsy
crushing
52
ur/o; urin/o
urine
53
-uria
urination; urine condition
54
amni/o
amnion
55
bartholin/o
bartholin gland
56
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
57
cervic/o
cervix, neck
58
colp/o
vagina
59
culd/o
cul-de-sac
60
episi/o
vulva
61
galact/o
milk
62
gynec/o
milk
63
gametes
ova and sperm cells
64
study of female reproductive system
gynecology
65
study of the care and treatment of newborns
neonatology
66
specialty concerned with pregnancy and delivery of the fetus
obstetrics
67
occurrence of first cycle
menarche
68
ending of menstruation
menopause
69
amni/o
amnion
70
lact/o
milk
71
finger like ends of the fallopian tubes
fimbriae
72
removal of both fallopian tubes and ovaries
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
73
pituitary hormone that promotes ovulation
luteinizing hormone
74
inner most of embryonic membrane surrounding the embryo
amnion
75
normal delivery fetal position head first
cephalic presentation
76
cells from the lining of the uterus grow in other areas of the body
endometeriosis
77
spirochete bacteria
syphillismal
78
malignant tumor in the ovary
cystadenocarcinomas
79
premature separation of the implanted placenta
abruptio placentae
80
abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and headache
preeclampsia
81
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the cervix
placenta previa
82
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
colposcopy
83
dilate the cervix and scrape off the endometrial lining of the uterus
dilation and curettage (D&C)
84
male gamete
spermatozoon
85
this is part of the tail of a sperm cell which makes it mobile
flagellum
86
male reproductive system secretes this hormone
testosterone
87
sac containing the male gonad; encloses the testes outside the body
scrotum
88
twins resulting from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells
fraternal twins
89
tubes that connects epididymis to the urethra
ejaculatory duct
90
hormones released by leydig cells
androgens
91
narrow, coiled tubule that produces sperm in a testis
seminiferous tubules
92
balan/o
glans penis
93
crypt/o
hidden, concealed
94
inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
95
inability of the adult male to achieve an erection
erectile dysfunction (impotence)
96
surgical fixation of an undescended testes into the scrotum
orchiopexy
97
removal of a testis
orchiectomy
98
sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
hydrocele
99
birth defect where urethra has an abnormal opening of the urinary meatus
hypospadias
100
foreskin
prepuce
101
bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
vasectomy
102
neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions
acetylcholine
103
large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system
plexus
104
stimulate body under stress, increase HR, increase BP, dilate airways
sympathetic nerves
105
balance the sympathetic system. slow HR, lower BP, constrict airways
parasympathetic nerves
106
carries nervous impulse along nerve cell
axon
107
space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle cells
synapse
108
maintain health of nervous system, moderate neurotransmissions, help ward off infection
glial cells
109
type of glial cell that transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons
astrocytes
110
type of glial cell; phagocytic cells protecting neurons in response to inflammation
microglial cells
111
type of glial cell that forms the myelin sheath around neurons in CNS
oligodendroglial cells
112
type of glial cell that lines membranes (meninges) within the brain and spinal cord where CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) circulates
ependymal cells
113
depression, groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
sulci
114
largest part of brain, responsible for voluntary muscular activity
cerebrum
115
surface of cerebrum, sheets of nerve cells, outer most layer of cerebrum
cerebral cortex
116
coordinates voluntary movements, maintains balance and posture
cerebellum
117
contains neurons that control body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions; regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland; monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
hypothalamus
118
posterior part of the brain, provide main motor of sensory to face and neck via cranial nerves
brainstem
119
bridges cerebrum with cerebellum and medulla oblongata; houses nerves for face and eyes
pons
120
spider-like membrane; loosely attached to other meninges by web-like
arachnoid membrane
121
3rd layer of meninges closest to brain and spinal cord and contains delicate connective tissue with rich supply of blood vessels
pia matter
122
spinal fluid is withdrawn for diagnosis or release of pressure on brain by inserting needle in lumbar portion
lumbar puncture (LP)
123
relieving symptoms but not curative
palliative
124
traumatic brain injury caused by blow to the head; temporary brain dysfunction after injury
cerebral concussion
125
bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to head; subdural and epidural hematomas occur, leading to permanent brain injury
cerebral contusion
126
inflammation of spinal cord
myelitis
127
collection or mass of blood
hematoma
128
brain doesn't properly recognize and interpret phrases
dyslexia
129
condition of decreased coordination
ataxia
130
obstruction of a blood vessel by clot or foreign substance
embolism
131
benign tumor of the meninges
meningioma
132
pertaining to muscle or nerve
myoneural
133
lack of strength in nerves
neurasthenia
134
hyster/o
uterus, womb
135
mamm/o
breast
136
mast/o
breast
137
men/o
menses, menstruation
138
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
139
my/o
muscle
140
myom/o
muscle tumor
141
nat/i
birth
142
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
143
olig/o
scanty
144
o/o, ov/o
egg
145
oophor/o
ovary
146
ovari/o
ovary
147
ovul/o
egg
148
perine/o
perineum
149
phor/o
to bear
150
py/o
pus
151
salping/o
fallopian tubes
152
uter/o
uterus
153
vulv/o
vulva
154
-arche
beginning
155
-cyesis
pregnancy
156
-dynia
painful
157
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
158
-flexion
process of bending
159
-genesis
producing; forming
160
-gravida
pregnant
161
-pareunia
sexual intercourse
162
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
163
-plasia
development; formation; growth
164
-rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
165
-rrhapy
suture
166
-salpinx
fallopian tube
167
-tocia, -tocin
labor, birth
168
-version
act of turning
169
dys-
painful
170
endo-
within
171
nulli-
no, not, none
172
oxy-
rapid; sharp; acid
173
peri-
surrounding
174
primi-
first
175
pseudo-
false
176
retro-
backward
177
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
178
angi/o
vessel
179
caus/o
burn; burning
180
cephal/o
head
181
cerebell/o
cerebellum (posterior part of the brain)
182
cerebr/o
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
183
comat/o
deep sleep
184
crani/o
skull
185
cry/o
cold
186
dur/o
dura mater
187
encephal/o
brain
188
esthesi/o
nervous sensation
189
gli/o
glial cells; neuroglial cells (supportive tissue of nervous system)
190
hydr/o
water
191
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
192
lex/o
word; phrase
193
mening/o; meningi/o
meninges
194
myel/o
spinal cord
195
narc/o
numbness; sleep
196
neur/o
nerve
197
pont/o
pons
198
radicul/o
nerve root
199
spin/o
spine
200
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short; faint
201
tax/o
order; coordination
202
thalam/o
thalamus
203
thec/o
sheath
204
troph/o
nourishment; development
205
vag/o
vagus nerve
206
-algesia
sensitivity to pain
207
-algia
pain
208
-blast
embryonic; immature cell
209
-cele
hernia
210
-esthesia
nervous sensation
211
-ine
pertaining to
212
-kinetic
pertaining to movement
213
-lepsy
seizure
214
-ose
full of; pertaining to; sugar
215
-paresis
weakness
216
-phagia
condition of eating; swallowing
217
-phasia
speech
218
-plegia
paralysis; palsy
219
-praxia
action
220
-ptosis
falling; drooping; prolapse
221
-sclerosis
hardening
222
-sthenia
strength
223
-trophy
nourishment; development
224
hemi-
half
225
hyper-
above; excessive
226
hypo-
deficient; below; under
227
polio-
gray matter
228
quadri-
four
229
thin, transparent membrane surrounding the spinal cord like a loosely fitting sac
arachnoid membrane
230
inner region of an organ
medulla
231
outer region of an organ
cortex
232
inner lining of the uterus
endometrium
233
vascular organ that attaches to the uterine wall during pregnancy
placenta
234
female hormone produced by the ovaries
estrogen
235
what hormone do pregnancy tests detect
hCG
236
malignant tumor of the ovary
cystadenocarcinoma
237
narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra
vas deferens
238
tube through which semen enters the urethra
ejaculatory duct
239
hernia of fluid in the scrotum
hydrocele
240
-pexy
fixation; put in place
241
inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
242
narrowing of opening of the foreskin over the glans penis
phimosis
243
removal of a testis
orchiectomy
244
microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell
axon
245
chemical that is released at end of nerve cell and stimulates or inhibits another cell
neurotransmitter
246
pertaining to muscles and nerves
myoneural
247
electric record of the brain
electroencephalography
248
lack of strength in nerves
neurasthenia
249
disorder of reading, writing, and learning
dyslexia
250
paralysis in the lower part of the body
paraplegia
251
tail end of spinal cord
cauda equine
