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Child Development > Exam 2: Ch.4 - 7 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Ch.4 - 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some benefits of bilingual exposure in infancy?

A

✔ Encourages cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.

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2
Q

What are fine motor skills? Provide examples.

A

✔ Small muscle movements (e.g., grasping objects, picking up small items).

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3
Q

What are some cultural influences on temperament?

A

✔ Different cultures value different traits (e.g., independence vs. collectivism).

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4
Q

What are Braxton Hicks contractions, and how do they differ from real contractions?

A

Practice contractions that do not lead to labor.
✔ Differences:
- Braxton Hicks: Irregular, mild, stop with movement/hydration, do not cause dilation.
- Real contractions: Regular, strong, continue despite movement, cause cervical dilation.

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5
Q

What is self-awareness, and how is it tested?

A

✔ Recognizing oneself as separate from others; tested using the Rouge Test (mirror test).

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6
Q

What is joint attention, and why is it important?

A

✔ Shared focus between child and caregiver, crucial for language and social development.

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7
Q

What is the neonatal period, and what is a neonate?

A

✔ Neonatal period: The first four weeks of life.
✔ Neonate: A newborn baby.

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8
Q

What is the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

A

✔ A standardized test measuring cognitive, motor, and language skills (ages 1 month - 42 months).

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9
Q

What are the four major reflexes in newborns?

A

✔ Rooting, sucking, Moro (startle), grasping.

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10
Q

What is the role of sleep in infant development?

A

✔ Essential for brain growth, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation.

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11
Q

What is guided participation in learning?

A

✔ Learning with the assistance of a more knowledgeable person (e.g., caregiver, teacher).

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12
Q

What is symbolic play?

A

✔ Pretend play using objects to represent something else (e.g., a block as a phone).

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13
Q

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

A

✔ A stage-based theory describing key social and emotional conflicts throughout life.

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14
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

✔ The inability to remember events from early childhood, usually before age 3.

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15
Q

What is object permanence?

A

✔ Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight (develops ~8 months).

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16
Q

What is receptive vocabulary vs. expressive vocabulary?

A

✔ Receptive: Words an infant understands.
✔ Expressive: Words an infant can say.

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17
Q

Who is a doula, and what are their benefits?

A

A trained professional providing physical, emotional, and informational support before, during, and after childbirth.
✔ Benefits: Shorter labor, lower c-section rates, less need for pain medication, and higher birth satisfaction.

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18
Q

What is disorganized attachment associated with?

A

✔ Inconsistent caregiver behavior, often linked to trauma or neglect.

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19
Q

What is the proximodistal principle?

A

✔ Growth occurs from the center of the body outward; infants develop control of their torso before fingers.

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20
Q

What are mirror self-recognition tests?

A

✔ Tests (like the Rouge Test) used to assess self-awareness in infants.

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21
Q

What are the early signs of labor?

A

✔ Nesting (burst of energy), lightening (baby drops), passing of mucus plug, water breaking.

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22
Q

What is mutual regulation?

A

✔ The process where infants and caregivers respond to each other’s emotional cues.

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23
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

A

✔ Growth occurs from head to toe; infants gain control over head movements before leg movements.

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24
Q

What is temperament?

A

✔ A child’s characteristic way of reacting to stimuli, influenced by both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).

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25
What is a sensitive period in development?
✔ A time when the brain is particularly receptive to learning new skills.
26
What is telegraphic speech?
✔ Two-word phrases with essential words (e.g., 'Want cookie'), appears ~18-24 months.
27
When should someone go to the hospital?
✔ Follow the **5-1-1 Rule** (Contractions every 5 minutes, lasting 1 minute, for 1 hour).
28
What are benefits of breastfeeding for the lactating parent?
✔ Helps uterus return to pre-pregnancy size, lowers risk of breast/ovarian cancer, may assist in postpartum weight loss.
29
What is the still-face paradigm?
✔ An experiment where a caregiver maintains a blank expression; infants become distressed trying to regain engagement.
30
What are the four attachment styles?
✔ Secure, Avoidant, Resistant/Ambivalent, Disorganized.
31
What is attachment security, and what factors influence it?
✔ The level of trust a child has in their caregiver. ✔ Influenced by caregiver responsiveness, consistency, and sensitivity.
32
What is social learning theory?
✔ The idea that children learn through observation and imitation of others.
33
What is emotion regulation?
✔ The ability to control emotional responses to stimuli.
34
What are the three stages of childbirth?
✔ First Stage (Longest) - Early Labor: 0-3 cm, mild contractions. - Active Labor: 4-7 cm, stronger contractions. - Transition: 8-10 cm, intense contractions. ✔ Second Stage: Baby is delivered. ✔ Third Stage: Placenta is delivered.
35
What is the naming explosion, and when does it occur?
✔ Rapid vocabulary growth occurring around 18 months.
36
What is experience-expectant brain development?
✔ Brain development that occurs in response to universal experiences (e.g., exposure to language).
37
What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory?
✔ Birth to ~2 years; infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
38
What is neglectful parenting?
✔ Low warmth and low expectations, leading to poor child outcomes.
39
What is the difference between egocentric speech and private speech?
✔ Egocentric speech: Talking without regard for others. ✔ Private speech: Self-directed speech used to guide behavior.
40
What is the social-interactionist theory of language development?
✔ Language develops through social interactions with caregivers and peers.
41
What is separation distress?
✔ Anxiety or distress when separated from a caregiver.
42
What is social referencing?
✔ Infants look to caregivers for emotional guidance in uncertain situations.
43
What is child-directed speech?
✔ Simplified, high-pitched speech used with infants (e.g., 'Look at the doggy!').
44
What is the significance of early childhood interventions?
✔ Improves cognitive, social, and emotional development, especially for at-risk children.
45
What is reciprocal socialization?
✔ A process where children and caregivers influence each other’s behaviors and emotions.
46
What are self-regulation skills?
✔ Abilities that allow a child to control their emotions, attention, and behavior.
47
What is the difference between reactive and proactive aggression?
✔ Reactive: Impulsive, in response to a perceived threat. ✔ Proactive: Planned, goal-directed aggression.
48
What is synaptic pruning?
✔ The elimination of weaker or unused neural connections to improve brain efficiency.
49
What is low birth weight (LBW) vs. small for gestational age (SGA)?
✔ LBW: Baby weighs <5.5 lbs at birth. ✔ SGA: Baby is smaller than expected for its gestational age.
50
What is the difference between shame and guilt?
✔ Guilt: Feeling bad about an action. ✔ Shame: Feeling bad about oneself.
51
What is Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage?
✔ Birth to 18 months; infants develop trust in caregivers or mistrust due to inconsistent care.
52
What is scaffolding in cognitive development?
✔ Providing structured support to help children learn new skills.
53
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
✔ Implicit: Unconscious memory (e.g., skills, habits). ✔ Explicit: Conscious recall (e.g., facts, events).
54
How does stress impact early brain development?
✔ Chronic stress can hinder brain growth and emotional regulation.
55
What is the difference between expressive and instrumental aggression?
✔ Expressive: Used to express frustration. ✔ Instrumental: Used to achieve a goal.
56
What is temperament, and what factors influence it?
✔ A child’s natural disposition influenced by both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).
57
What is Noam Chomsky’s Nativism theory?
✔ Infants have an innate ability to learn language (Language Acquisition Device - LAD).
58
What is prosocial behavior?
✔ Positive actions intended to benefit others (e.g., sharing, helping).
59
What are causes of prematurity and low birth weight?
✔ Poor maternal nutrition, smoking, alcohol/drug use, maternal infections, high blood pressure.
60
What is attachment, and what are the four attachment styles?
✔ A strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. ✔ Types: Secure, Avoidant, Resistant/Ambivalent, Disorganized.
61
What is attachment theory?
✔ A psychological theory describing the bond between infants and caregivers.
62
What is the difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting?
✔ Authoritarian: Strict, high expectations, low warmth. ✔ Authoritative: Balanced, high expectations, high warmth.
63
What is fast mapping?
✔ The rapid learning of new words with minimal exposure.
64
What is code-switching?
✔ Switching between languages based on context (e.g., speaking English at school, Spanish at home).
65
Describe the Strange Situation experiment.
✔ A structured observational test by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment style.
66
What is theory of mind?
✔ Understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and emotions different from one's own.
67
What is the recommended infant nutrition for the first year?
✔ Exclusive breastmilk/formula for the first 6 months, then introduce solids while continuing breastfeeding until at least 12 months.
68
What is brain plasticity?
✔ The brain's ability to adapt and reorganize, especially high during infancy.
69
What is electronic fetal monitoring?
A device that tracks the baby’s heart rate and contractions during labor. ✔ External: Sensors on the abdomen. ✔ Internal: Electrodes inside the uterus for precise readings.
70
What is scaffolding in language development?
✔ When caregivers provide temporary support to help a child learn new skills.
71
What are mirror neurons?
✔ Neurons that fire both when performing an action and when observing someone else perform the same action.
72
What is overimitation?
✔ The tendency of children to imitate unnecessary or irrelevant actions.
73
What is the role of play in cognitive and social development?
✔ Supports problem-solving, creativity, social skills, and emotional regulation.
74
What is the purpose of oxytocin (brand name Pitocin)?
✔ Stimulates uterine contractions to induce or speed up labor.
75
What is parentese?
✔ A special way of speaking to infants with exaggerated tones and simplified speech.
76
What are benefits of breastfeeding for the baby?
✔ Strengthens immune system, reduces infection risk, supports cognitive development.
77
What is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?
✔ Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli. ✔ Dishabituation: Renewed interest in a new stimulus.
78
What is myelination?
✔ The process of coating neurons with myelin, which speeds up neural transmission.
79
What is permissive parenting?
✔ High warmth but few rules or expectations.
80
What is kangaroo care and its benefits?
✔ Skin-to-skin contact to regulate heartbeat, breathing, and temperature.
81
What is joint engagement in social learning?
✔ When a child and caregiver share focus on an object or activity.
82
What is experience-dependent brain development?
✔ Brain development that depends on individual experiences.
83
What are primary vs. self-conscious emotions?
✔ Primary: Innate emotions (joy, sadness, fear). ✔ Self-conscious: Require self-awareness (guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride).
84
What is Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?
✔ 18 months to 3 years; children develop independence or feel doubt/shame due to over-controlling caregivers.
85
What is the difference between overextension and underextension?
✔ Overextension: Using a word too broadly (e.g., calling all animals 'dog'). ✔ Underextension: Using a word too narrowly (e.g., calling only their pet 'dog').
86
What is neonatal jaundice?
✔ A yellowing of the skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood. ✔ Common treatment: Phototherapy (light exposure).
87
What are the long-term effects of early attachment on relationships?
✔ Secure attachment leads to healthier relationships and emotional stability.
88
What is effortful control?
✔ The ability to regulate emotions and behaviors through conscious effort.
89
What is the APGAR scale, and what do the scores mean?
✔ A quick assessment of newborn health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. ✔ Score 7-10 = Healthy, 4-6 = Needs attention, 0-3 = Emergency.
90
What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and its risk factors?
✔ Unexplained death of an infant under 1 year during sleep. ✔ Risks: Sleeping on stomach, overheating, smoking exposure, soft bedding.
91
What are the stages of language development?
✔ Cooing → Babbling → One-word (holophrase) → Two-word (telegraphic speech) → Sentences.
92
What is the role of parental responsiveness in infant development?
✔ Promotes secure attachment, emotional regulation, and cognitive growth.
93
What are the effects of maternal depression on infant development?
✔ Can lead to emotional and cognitive difficulties, insecure attachment.
94
What are gross motor skills? Provide examples.
✔ Large muscle movements (e.g., crawling, walking, jumping).
95
What are the three types of temperament?
✔ Easy: Adaptable, generally happy, regular routines. ✔ Slow-to-warm: Hesitant in new situations, adjusts gradually. ✔ Difficult: Intense reactions, irregular routines, harder to soothe.
96
What is a cesarean section (c-section), and why would someone need one?
✔ A surgical procedure where the baby is delivered through an incision in the abdomen and uterus. ✔ Reasons: Breech position, fetal distress, prolonged labor, or failure to progress.
97
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s theory?
✔ Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing schemas. ✔ Accommodation: Changing schemas to fit new information.
98
What is an epidural?
✔ A regional anesthesia injected into the spine to numb pain below the waist.
99
What is deferred imitation?
✔ The ability to remember and imitate actions after a delay.
100
What is anoxia?
✔ Lack of oxygen at birth, which can cause brain damage or cerebral palsy.
101
What is the difference between effacement and dilation?
✔ Effacement: Thinning/shortening of the cervix (%). ✔ Dilation: Opening of the cervix (cm).
102
What is overregularization in language development?
✔ Incorrect application of grammatical rules (e.g., 'goed' instead of 'went').
103
What is the role of oxytocin in attachment?
✔ A hormone linked to bonding and social connection.
104
What are the risks of a c-section?
✔ Longer recovery time, increased risk of infection, blood clots, and complications in future pregnancies.
105
What is early intervention, and why is it important?
✔ Programs that support at-risk children, improving cognitive and social outcomes.
106
What is the difference between fine and gross motor development?
✔ Fine: Small muscle control (e.g., grasping, drawing). ✔ Gross: Large muscle control (e.g., walking, running).
107
What is guided participation?
✔ Learning through structured interactions with more skilled individuals (e.g., a parent helping with a puzzle).
108
What is the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)?
✔ An assessment measuring parental responsiveness and the quality of a child's home environment.
109
What is goodness of fit in temperament?
✔ How well a child's temperament matches their environment and caregivers.
110
What are the effects of high-quality child care on development?
✔ Supports cognitive, language, and social skills.
111
What is the visual cliff experiment?
✔ A study on depth perception; most infants hesitate to crawl over a perceived drop.

Child Development (4 decks)

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