Exam 3: Ch. 8 - 10

Question 1

Permissive Parenting Style

Answer 1

Low control/demandingness, high warmth/responsiveness.
Characteristics: Few rules, indulgent, allow children to regulate their own behavior.

Example: A parent who rarely disciplines and prioritizes child’s happiness over rules.

Question 2

Define discipline and understand its goal.

Answer 2

Discipline refers to methods used to teach and guide children’s behavior.
The goal of discipline is to teach self-control, responsibility, and acceptable social behavior, not just to punish.

Question 3

Define encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Answer 3

Encoding: Process of taking in information.
Storage: Keeping information over time.
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed.

Question 4

What is handedness and when is it well-established?

Answer 4

Handedness is the preference for using one hand over the other for tasks like writing and eating.
It is well-established by age 3, though some children continue refining their preference until age 6.

Question 5

What are some challenges for BIPOC children related to their development?

Answer 5

Higher risk of health disparities (e.g., asthma, obesity).
Limited access to quality healthcare and education.
Increased exposure to environmental pollutants.

Question 6

What are the key features of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 6

Emphasizes social interaction and cultural context in learning.
Cognitive development is driven by collaboration with more skilled individuals.

Question 7

If a child is exposed to lead, what are they “at risk” for? Children who live in _______ are at greatest risk for lead exposure.

Answer 7

Risk: Developmental delays, learning disabilities, behavior problems.
Greatest risk: Children in older, poorly maintained homes with lead-based paint.

Question 8

What are some strategies that can help children stay healthy related to weight?

Answer 8

Encouraging nutritious meals with fruits and vegetables.
Promoting active play.
Limiting sugary foods and beverages.

Question 9

Describe Piaget’s preoperational stage.

Answer 9

This stage occurs from ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by advances in symbolic thinking but limitations in logical reasoning.

Question 10

What is metamemory?

Answer 10

Understanding and awareness of memory abilities (e.g., knowing you need to make a list to remember tasks).

Question 11

What is the age span for early childhood?

Answer 11

Early childhood ranges from ages 2 to 6 years old.

Question 12

What are the advances in preoperational thought?

Answer 12

Symbolic Function/Thought: Ability to use symbols, language, and pretend play (e.g., using a broom as a horse).
Intuitive Thought: Children make decisions based on intuition rather than logic (e.g., believing the taller glass has more liquid).
Object Space: Understanding the spatial relationship between objects.
Identities: Realizing that objects and people are the same even if they change form or appearance (e.g., a cat is still a cat even if it’s wearing a costume).
Categorization: Ability to group objects by shared characteristics (e.g., sorting animals vs. vehicles).
Number: Basic understanding of counting and quantity.

Question 13

What are the two dimensions of parenting?

Answer 13

Warmth and Responsiveness: Degree of affection, support, and acceptance a parent shows.
Control and Demandingness: Degree of supervision, rules, and expectations a parent enforces.

Question 14

What are common sleep difficulties in early childhood? What helps with these difficulties?

Answer 14

✔ Common Sleep Difficulties:
Resistance to bedtime
Nightmares
Sleepwalking and sleep talking

✔ Helpful Strategies:
Establishing a consistent bedtime routine
Creating a calming sleep environment
Avoiding screens before bedtime

Question 15

Authoritative Parenting Style

Answer 15

High control/demandingness, high warmth/responsiveness.
Characteristics: Clear rules and expectations, but responsive to child’s needs and input.

Example: A parent who enforces rules but explains reasons and listens to the child’s point of view.

Question 16

What is Piaget criticized for in his theory of cognitive development?

Answer 16

Critics argue Piaget underestimated children’s cognitive abilities and did not account for the influence of social and cultural factors.

Question 17

What is pragmatics?

Answer 17

The social rules of language use, such as turn-taking, tone, and context in conversations.

Question 18

Compare and contrast primary language delays and secondary language delays.

Answer 18

Primary Language Delay: Language development issue with no known cause.
Secondary Language Delay: Caused by another condition (e.g., hearing loss, intellectual disability).

Question 19

Define private speech.

Answer 19

Private speech is when children talk to themselves to guide their actions.
It helps with self-regulation and problem-solving.

Question 20

What is theory of mind? Why is it important?

Answer 20

Theory of mind is the understanding that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs different from one’s own.
It is important for empathy, social interactions, and understanding others’ perspectives.

Question 21

Why is it important for children in early childhood to have healthy eating habits?

Answer 21

Supports growth and brain development.
Reduces risk of obesity and chronic diseases.
Encourages lifelong healthy habits.

Question 22

Describe the changing bodily proportions in early childhood. Which principle of growth is related to the changing bodily proportions?

Answer 22

In early childhood, children experience a slimmer, more elongated appearance as baby fat decreases and limbs lengthen.
The cephalocaudal principle (growth from head to toe) explains this shift, as the head becomes more proportionate to the rest of the body.

Question 23

What is transduction?

Answer 23

A type of reasoning where children link two unrelated events as cause and effect (e.g., thinking bad behavior caused a sibling’s illness).

Question 24

What is the difference between sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory?

Answer 24

Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory information (milliseconds).
Working Memory: Short-term processing and manipulation of information.
Long-Term Memory: Lasting storage of information over time.

Question 25

What is corporal punishment? What are reasons to avoid it?

Answer 25

Corporal punishment involves the use of physical force intended to cause pain but not injury (e.g., spanking). Reasons to avoid corporal punishment: ✔ Teaches aggression as a solution. ✔ Can damage trust between child and parent. ✔ Associated with higher levels of child aggression and mental health issues later. Cognitive Levels of Play

Question 26

Neglectful (Uninvolved) Parenting Style

Answer 26

Low control/demandingness, low warmth/responsiveness. Characteristics: Little involvement in the child’s life, few rules, and minimal attention or nurturing. Example: A parent who is emotionally distant and disengaged.

Question 27

Compare and contrast instrumental aggression, overt (direct) aggression, and relational aggression.

Answer 27

Instrumental Aggression: Aggression used to achieve a goal (e.g., pushing another child to get a toy). Overt (Direct) Aggression: Physical or verbal aggression aimed directly at someone (e.g., hitting or name-calling). Relational Aggression: Damaging another’s social relationships or feelings (e.g., spreading rumors or excluding someone from a group).

Question 28

How much sleep is recommended in early childhood?

Answer 28

Children in early childhood need 10-13 hours of sleep per day, including naps.

Question 29

Define zone of proximal development (ZPD). How do you know a child’s ZPD?

Answer 29

ZPD is the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help. You know a child’s ZPD by identifying tasks they can complete with guidance but not independently.

Question 30

What is executive functioning?

Answer 30

A set of cognitive skills including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control that help with planning, decision-making, and behavior regulation.

Question 31

What helps prevent dental caries or cavities in children?

Answer 31

Brushing with fluoride toothpaste. Regular dental check-ups. Avoiding excessive sugary foods.

Question 32

Provide examples of fine motor skills and gross motor skills. Which principle of growth is related to improvements in fine motor skills?

Answer 32

✔ Fine Motor Skills: Drawing, cutting with scissors, buttoning clothes, and holding a pencil. ✔ Gross Motor Skills: Running, jumping, climbing, and riding a tricycle. The proximodistal principle (growth from the center outward) is related to fine motor skill development, as children gain better control over their hands and fingers after mastering arm and torso movements.

Question 33

What are false beliefs? When does a child have false beliefs?

Answer 33

False beliefs occur when children recognize that others can hold beliefs that are incorrect. Children typically understand false beliefs around age 4-5.

Question 34

Define and provide examples of the 6 social dimension types of play.

Answer 34

Unoccupied Behavior: Child is not playing, just observing or standing idly (e.g., wandering aimlessly). Onlooker Behavior: Child watches others play but does not join (e.g., observing peers playing soccer). Solitary Independent Play: Child plays alone, separate from others (e.g., doing a puzzle by themselves). Parallel Play: Child plays near but not directly with others (e.g., building blocks next to another child without interaction). Associative Play: Children interact and share toys but do not have a common goal (e.g., painting side-by-side and talking). Cooperative (Organized Supplementary) Play: Children play together towards a common goal (e.g., building a sandcastle together).

Question 35

What is power assertion?

Answer 35

Discipline strategy involving using authority, threats, or punishment to control behavior. Example: "Do it or you’ll be punished."

Question 36

What is a food allergy? What are the most common food allergies?

Answer 36

✔ Food allergy: An immune system reaction to certain foods. ✔ Common allergens: Peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish.

Question 37

What is the difference between Montessori Method, Compensatory Preschool Programs, and Universal Preschool?

Answer 37

Montessori Method: Child-centered, hands-on learning with self-directed activity. Compensatory Preschool Programs: Target at-risk children (e.g., Head Start) to improve school readiness. Universal Preschool: Publicly funded, available to all children regardless of income. Chapter Review Study Guide for Chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Question 38

What are the critiques of Baumrind’s parenting styles?

Answer 38

Oversimplifies complex parenting behaviors. Does not adequately address cultural differences in parenting practices. Ignores how children's behavior can also influence parenting styles. Discipline

Question 39

What are inductive techniques?

Answer 39

Discipline strategy that involves reasoning and explaining why a behavior is wrong. Example: "Hitting hurts others. We use words to solve problems."

Question 40

What influences children’s physical activity?

Answer 40

Parental modeling and encouragement Access to safe outdoor spaces Structured and unstructured play opportunities

Question 41

Define and provide an example of generic memory, episodic memory, and autobiographical memory.

Answer 41

Generic Memory: Generalized memory of routines (e.g., knowing what happens during a birthday party). Episodic Memory: Memory of specific events (e.g., recalling a visit to the zoo). Autobiographical Memory: Memory of personal life events (e.g., remembering one's own birthday party).

Question 42

What is metacognition?

Answer 42

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes (e.g., knowing you learn better by visual aids).

Question 43

What is the difference between stunted children and wasted children?

Answer 43

✔ Stunted children: Have low height for their age due to chronic malnutrition. ✔ Wasted children: Have low weight for their height due to acute malnutrition.

Question 44

What is enuresis? What is the difference between diurnal and nocturnal enuresis? What is the treatment for enuresis?

Answer 44

✔ Enuresis is involuntary urination after the expected age of bladder control. ✔ Types: Diurnal enuresis: Occurs during the day. Nocturnal enuresis: Occurs during sleep (bedwetting). ✔ Treatment: Behavior modification (bedwetting alarms, scheduled bathroom breaks). In some cases, medication may be prescribed.

Question 45

How does smoking impact children’s development?

Answer 45

Increased risk of respiratory issues (asthma, bronchitis). Higher likelihood of ear infections. Greater risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) if exposed in infancy. Chapter Review Study Guide for Chapter 9 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 46

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Answer 46

High control/demandingness, low warmth/responsiveness. Characteristics: Strict rules, little discussion, expect obedience without explanation. Example: "Because I said so."

Question 47

What is withdrawal of love?

Answer 47

Discipline strategy where a parent ignores or shows disapproval to discourage misbehavior. Example: Refusing to speak to a child after a misbehavior.

Question 48

What are the limitations of preoperational thought?

Answer 48

Egocentrism: Difficulty seeing from others’ perspectives (e.g., assuming everyone sees what they see). Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions (e.g., “the sun is happy”). Lack of Conservation: Inability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. Centration: Focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring others (e.g., focusing on height but not width in a liquid task). Irreversibility: Inability to mentally reverse actions (e.g., not understanding that a deflated ball can be inflated again).

Question 49

Define the 4 cognitive levels of play and provide examples.

Answer 49

Functional Play: Simple repetitive movements (e.g., pushing a toy car back and forth). Constructive Play: Creating or building something (e.g., stacking blocks into a tower). Dramatic (Pretend) Play: Imaginary roles and scenarios (e.g., playing "house" or pretending to be a superhero). Formal Games with Rules: Structured games with guidelines (e.g., board games like "Candyland" or outdoor games like "Duck, Duck, Goose"). Parten’s 6 Social Dimensions of Play

Question 50

What is emergent literacy? What helps with literacy?

Answer 50

Emergent literacy includes skills that precede reading and writing (e.g., recognizing letters, understanding story structure). Helps: Reading to children, access to books, and engaging in conversations.

Question 51

Which part of the brain is growing rapidly in early childhood?

Answer 51

The prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher cognitive functions like decision-making, planning, and impulse control, grows rapidly in early childhood.

Question 52

What is hidden hunger?

Answer 52

A form of micronutrient deficiency (e.g., lack of iron, vitamin A, or zinc) that can impair physical and cognitive development.

Question 53

How does homelessness impact children’s development?

Answer 53

Disruptions in education, leading to lower academic achievement. Increased stress and trauma, affecting emotional well-being. Limited access to healthcare and nutritious food.

Question 54

What is the difference between recognition and recall?

Answer 54

Recognition: Identifying previously encountered information (e.g., multiple-choice test). Recall: Retrieving information without cues (e.g., essay question).

Question 55

What are night terrors? How are they different than nightmares?

Answer 55

Night terrors occur during deep sleep (non-REM stage) and involve intense fear, screaming, and confusion. The child does not remember the episode the next day. Nightmares occur during REM sleep and involve vivid, scary dreams that a child can recall upon waking.

Question 56

What is food insecurity?

Answer 56

A lack of reliable access to sufficient, nutritious food, which can lead to poor health and developmental delays.

Question 57

What is fast mapping?

Answer 57

The quick learning of new words after only a brief exposure.

Question 58

What is altruism?

Answer 58

Acting out of concern for others' welfare without expecting a reward (e.g., sharing toys with a sad friend).

Question 59

Define scaffolding and provide an example.

Answer 59

Scaffolding is the support provided to help a child master a task within their ZPD. Example: A parent helping a child sound out words while reading.

Question 60

What is the leading cause of death in children (1-17 years old) in the U.S.? What are the other common causes of death in children ages 1-17 years old?

Answer 60

✔ Leading cause: Unintentional injuries (e.g., car accidents, drowning). ✔ Other causes: Homicide, cancer, congenital conditions.

Question 61

How does living low SES families/communities impact children and their development?

Answer 61

Increased exposure to stress and food insecurity. Higher risk of health issues and developmental delays. Limited access to quality healthcare and education.

Question 62

What is prosocial behavior? Provide an example.

Answer 62

Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions intended to benefit others (e.g., helping a peer who dropped their crayons).

Question 63

How much physical activity per day is needed for children in early childhood? How long is too long for young children to be sedentary per day?

Answer 63

Children should have at least 3 hours of physical activity spread throughout the day. Sitting for more than 1 hour at a time is considered excessive for young children.

Question 64

How should parents/caregivers respond to sleepwalking and sleep talking?

Answer 64

Do not wake the child during sleepwalking or sleep talking. Gently guide them back to bed to prevent injury. Ensure a safe sleep environment (e.g., no sharp objects nearby, locked windows and doors).

Question 65

Which part of the brain has a peak in synaptogenesis? What does this improve?

Answer 65

The prefrontal cortex experiences a peak in synaptogenesis (formation of new neural connections). This growth improves attention, problem-solving, and self-regulation.

Question 66

What is Social Learning Theory?

Answer 66

Social Learning Theory suggests that children learn behaviors by observing and imitating others. Reinforcement and punishment, along with modeling, influence how behaviors are acquired and maintained. Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Styles