Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Child Development > Exam 4: Ch. 11 - 13 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Ch. 11 - 13 Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is metamemory?

A

Being aware of your own memory skills — knowing what you remember well and what you don’t.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the traditional IQ cutoff score for gifted children?

A

A traditional IQ score of 130 or above is used to identify gifted children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

A more severe behavioral disorder involving aggressive behavior and violation of social rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB5)?

A

An intelligence test measuring five factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are spatial relationships?

A

Recognizing where things are in relation to other things (above, below, next to).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How has emotional development improved in middle childhood?

A

Children can understand complex emotions, regulate their feelings, and empathize with others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is reversibility?

A

Knowing that actions can be undone and things can return to their original state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is spatial thinking?

A

Understanding how objects are arranged in space, like reading maps or giving directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much sleep is required for middle childhood?

A

Children in this age group typically need 9–11 hours of sleep per night.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is decentration?

A

The ability to think about more than one part of a situation at the same time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does poverty affect development? What is a protective factor?

A

Poverty impacts nutrition, health, education, and emotional well-being. Protective factors include strong caregiver bonds and school support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much physical activity (per day) do children need in middle childhood?

A

At least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe anxiety and depression in childhood.

A

Anxiety involves persistent worry or fear; depression includes sadness, hopelessness, and withdrawal from activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compare divergent and convergent thinking. Which is linked to creativity?

A

Divergent: generating many possible solutions (linked to creativity). Convergent: narrowing down to one correct answer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Piaget criticized for in his theory of cognitive development?

A

Piaget is criticized for underestimating children’s cognitive abilities and not considering the role of culture and social interactions in development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the age range for middle childhood?

A

Middle childhood ranges from ages 6 to 11 years old.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD?

A

Predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Erikson’s stage for middle childhood? What influences industry?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority. Success in school, encouragement from adults, and peer relationships build a sense of competence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What factors contribute to childhood sleep problems?

A

Inconsistent bedtime routines, screen exposure before bed, anxiety, and noisy environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Children who experience __________ family transitions are __________ likely to have problems.

A

More; more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Discuss important nutritional needs for middle childhood.

A

Children need adequate protein, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamins to support growth and cognitive development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Compare the phonetic and whole-language approaches to reading.

A

The phonetic approach emphasizes letter-sound correspondence and decoding skills, while the whole-language approach promotes recognition of words in meaningful contexts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are risk factors for bullying across cultures?

A

Low self-esteem, lack of adult supervision, aggressive role models, and social exclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the main causes of ADHD?

A

Likely a combination of genetics, brain structure and function, and environmental factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the difference between internalizing and externalizing behaviors?
Internalizing = inward behaviors (anxiety, withdrawal); Externalizing = outward behaviors (aggression, defiance).
26
What is the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on children’s health?
Children in low-SES families are more likely to experience chronic health issues, obesity, and developmental delays.
27
What is separation anxiety disorder?
An anxiety disorder where a child experiences excessive fear about being apart from a caregiver.
28
How do children respond to frequent, intense, or violent family conflict?
They may exhibit internalizing behaviors like anxiety or externalizing behaviors like aggression.
29
What is working memory?
Holding and using information in the short term while doing a task.
30
Describe the two clusters of ADHD symptoms: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
Inattention: distractibility, forgetfulness. Hyperactivity/impulsivity: restlessness, difficulty waiting, interrupting.
31
Compare and contrast deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Which do concrete operational children have?
Deductive: applying general rule to specific case. Inductive: generalizing from specific instances. Children use inductive reasoning more.
32
What is oppositional defiant disorder?
A pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures.
33
Define English language learners (ELL).
Students whose first language is not English and who are learning English in school.
34
Describe dynamic tests.
Tests that evaluate how well a child learns with support, measuring learning potential.
35
What influences intelligence: genes and brain development, schooling, race/ethnicity?
Genes and brain development affect potential, while schooling enhances skills. Differences by race/ethnicity are due to environmental, not biological, factors.
36
What is the broader definition of gifted children?
Giftedness can also include creativity, leadership, specific academic talent, and performance in the arts, not just IQ.
37
What is important to consider in children’s mental health treatment?
Effective treatment involves early intervention, family involvement, consistent routines, and access to mental health professionals.
38
What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)?
A widely used intelligence test for children that measures verbal comprehension, visual-spatial processing, working memory, fluid reasoning, and processing speed.
39
Is asthma more common in boys or girls?
Asthma is more common in boys during middle childhood.
40
Discuss influences on academic achievement: self-efficacy, parenting, SES, peer acceptance.
Self-efficacy promotes motivation. Positive parenting and peer support improve performance. SES affects access to resources and educational opportunities.
41
Describe the improvements in information processing for children in middle childhood.
Faster mental processing, improved memory strategies, and better executive functioning.
42
What causes asthma?
Causes include genetic predisposition, allergens, air pollution, and respiratory infections.
43
What is the best way to prevent bullying?
Whole-school approaches, peer support, adult supervision, social-emotional learning, and clear anti-bullying policies.
44
What helps children the most when there is family conflict?
Supportive relationships, consistency, open communication, and conflict resolution skills.
45
What can be done to help prevent or treat obesity in childhood?
Encouraging physical activity, providing nutritious food, limiting screen time, and family lifestyle changes.
46
How does recess impact children’s development?
Improves classroom behavior, attention span, peer interactions, and emotional regulation.
47
Is ADHD more common in boys or girls?
ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in boys.
48
Compare enrichment and acceleration approaches for gifted students.
Enrichment enhances depth and complexity within the current grade. Acceleration advances the student to a higher level or grade earlier than typical.
49
Define hostile attribution bias. Give examples.
A tendency to interpret others' actions as intentionally hostile (e.g., assuming someone bumped into you on purpose).
50
What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? What disabilities are included?
A federal law ensuring services for children with disabilities including autism, ADHD, learning disabilities, speech impairments, and more.
51
What factors contribute to a child being overweight or obese?
Poor diet, lack of exercise, genetics, and increased screen time.
52
Describe Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage.
Children begin to use logical thinking about concrete events and understand concepts like conservation and categorization, but still struggle with abstract and hypothetical ideas.
53
What is neurodiversity?
The view that neurological differences like ADHD or dyslexia are natural variations rather than deficits.
54
What are limitations of concrete operational thought?
Children struggle with abstract reasoning and hypothetical situations.
55
Understand the cultural influences on Piaget’s tasks.
Performance varies depending on education, cultural experience, and familiarity with the tasks.
56
What is seriation?
The ability to arrange objects in order by size, number, or other features.
57
Define dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia.
Dyslexia: difficulty reading. Dysgraphia: difficulty writing. Dyscalculia: difficulty with math concepts.
58
What is transitive inference?
Figuring out how things relate (e.g., if A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C, then A is bigger than C).
59
What are the diagnostic criteria for Intellectual Disability?
Significantly below average IQ, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset during the developmental period.
60
What does the American Academy of Pediatrics say about recess and children’s development?
Recess is essential for children’s physical, cognitive, and social development and should not be withheld.
61
What is conservation?
Understanding that the amount of something stays the same even when its shape changes.
62
Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes particularly related to insulin production, age at diagnosis, and treatment.
Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent and diagnosed in childhood. Type 2 diabetes is related to insulin resistance, often linked to obesity, and typically develops later, though increasingly seen in children.
63
How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect children’s mental health?
The pandemic increased anxiety, depression, social isolation, and disrupted routines and learning.
64
Define chronic medical condition.
A long-term condition that requires ongoing management (e.g., asthma, diabetes).
65
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs causing wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
66
What is coregulation? How does parental power change?
Parents and children share control; children self-regulate more as parents step back into a guiding role.
67
How does culture influence emotional development?
Cultural norms shape how emotions are expressed, regulated, and understood.
68
What is class inclusion?
Understanding that one group of things can belong to a larger group (e.g., roses are part of the flower group).
69
Describe children’s self-concept in middle childhood. Define representational systems.
Children begin to define themselves by traits, skills, and social comparisons. Representational systems integrate these traits into a broad self-image.
70
What is selective attention?
Focusing on important information while ignoring distractions.
71
What affects children’s adjustment most regarding family structure?
The quality of parenting and stability, not the family structure itself, is most important.
72
Define bullying. Give examples of physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying.
Bullying is repeated, intentional harm with a power imbalance. Physical: hitting; Verbal: teasing; Relational: exclusion; Cyber: harassment online.
73
What are some outcomes that can happen if a child is overweight or obese?
Obesity increases the risk for diabetes, heart disease, social stigmatization, and low self-esteem.
74
What are risk factors for asthma?
Family history, air pollution, secondhand smoke, and early respiratory illnesses.
75
What age are children in this stage?
Typically between ages 7 and 11.
76
Describe the rate of physical growth for middle childhood.
Children grow steadily, gaining about 2–3 inches in height and 5–7 pounds in weight per year.
77
What are the positives and negatives of peer relationships?
Positives: support, social learning. Negatives: bullying, peer pressure, exclusion.
78
What is family atmosphere? What influences it?
The emotional tone of the family, influenced by parenting style, stress, communication, and support.
79
Define acute medical condition.
A health issue that occurs suddenly and is typically short in duration (e.g., flu, cold, or injury).
80
What is executive functioning?
Cognitive control and regulation — it helps with planning, decision-making, and managing tasks.
81
What influences the nutrition of children in middle childhood?
Influences include family habits, access to nutritious food, media, and school food programs.
82
Compare English-immersion and bilingual education.
Immersion: full English instruction. Bilingual: instruction in both native language and English.
83
How does bullying affect victims and perpetrators?
Victims may suffer depression and anxiety. Bullies may continue aggressive behaviors and struggle socially.
84
Describe the controversy about IQ testing.
IQ tests are debated due to cultural bias and limited assessment of intelligence types. Critics argue they favor certain socioeconomic or cultural groups and don't fully reflect a person's potential or creativity.
85
Fill in the blank: ____________ is a major factor in children playing organized sports.
Parental involvement.
86
What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?
6 or more symptoms in one cluster for 6+ months, present before age 12, impairing in 2+ settings.
87
What are the diagnostic criteria for specific learning disorder (SLD)?
Difficulties learning and using academic skills for at least 6 months, despite interventions, in areas like reading, writing, or math. Individuals have average or above-average intelligence.
88
What is horizontal decalage?
Learning similar skills at different times, even though they are related.
89
Define culture-free and culture-fair tests. Are they possible?
Culture-free: without cultural bias (largely impossible). Culture-fair: minimizing bias (possible to some extent).
90
Describe brain development in middle childhood.
Myelination and development of the prefrontal cortex improve cognitive control, attention, and problem-solving.
91
What is childhood hypertension? Why is it concerning if a child has hypertension?
High blood pressure in children can lead to cardiovascular disease and other health complications in adulthood.
92
Define and give examples of instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression.
Instrumental: used to achieve goals (e.g., pushing for a toy). Hostile: intended to harm (e.g., name-calling). Relational: harms relationships (e.g., spreading rumors).

Child Development (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions