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Integrated Science > Exam 2 (Chap 1,3,4,6,18) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chap 1,3,4,6,18) Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy and physiology

A

Study of the structure and body functions

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2
Q

Define disease

A

Anything that is alters normal body structure and working of the body

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3
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemicals
Cell- basic unit of life
Tissues- specialized group of cells
Organs- function of tissues working together
Body systems- organs working together for the general same purpose.
Organism

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4
Q

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular

A

Protect, support, movement

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5
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin as well as the associated structures which is hair, nail, sweat glands and oil glands.

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6
Q

Skeletal system

A

Body’s basic frame work, it includes 206 bones and joints between them.

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7
Q

Muscular system

A

Attached to bones and produced the movement of skeletal. Help maintain posture, body’s structure and protection.

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8
Q

Coordination and control

A

Nervous system and Endocrine

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9
Q

Nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord, nerve as well as eyes, ears, , taste buds and smell. (special sensing organ)

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10
Q

Digestive system

A

all the organs that take nutrients and convert them so body cells can use them

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11
Q

Urinary system

A

Help the body get rid of the waste products and excess water.

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12
Q

Circulation and immunity systems

A

Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

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13
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels are what make up this system. Pumping blood to the tissues including the nutrients and oxygen

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14
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Helps in absorption of dietary fats.

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15
Q

Production of offspring

A

Reproductive system

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16
Q

Reproductive system

A

External sex organs and all related internal structures.

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17
Q

Catabolism

A

metabolic breakdown substances into simpler substances

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18
Q

Anabolism

A

metabolic building of simple compounds into more complex.

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19
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy storing compounds found in all cells.

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of balance within the body.

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21
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

outside the cell

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22
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

within the cell

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23
Q

Negative feedback

A

Control system based on information that is returning to a source.

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24
Q

Effects of aging

A

wrinkles, failing liver, weaker immune system

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25
Anatomic position
person or subject is standing upright face in front, arms on the side, palms for feet parallel.
26
Superior
above or higher position
27
Inferiod
below or lower
28
Anterior
Front of the body
29
posterior
near to the back
30
medial
nearest to the middle of the body
31
leteral
farther away from the midline to the side
32
proximal
near to the origin of a structure
33
distal
farther away from the point
34
Frontal plane
Coronal plane divides frontal and posterior
35
Sagittal plane
right and left (midsagittal plane)
36
Transverse plane
superior and inferior
37
Cross tissue section
made perpendicular to the lung, access of an organ.
38
Longitudinal tissue section
parallel to the lung axis
39
Oblique tissue section
made at an angle
40
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity (brain), Spinal canal (canal that has the spinal cord)
41
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic cavity | Abdonimopelvic cavity
42
Thoracic cavity consist of
Pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, mediastinum, Diaphragm.
43
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity, pelvic
44
Pericardial cavity
heart that is formed by the pericardial sac
45
Pleural cavity
Where lungs are
46
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs including the organs and vessels.
47
Diaphragm
Muscle that is used for breathing
48
Abdominal cavity
contains the stomach and most of the intestines, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the spleen.
49
Pelvic cavity
Inferior portion contains the urinary bladder and the rectum as well as the internal hearts of the reproductive system.
50
Epigastric region
inferior to the breastbone
51
Umbilical region
around the umbilicus
52
hypogastric region
the most inferior to the midlines.
53
Left and right hypocondriac region
inferior to the ribs
54
left and right lumbar
they are on the level with the lumbar region of the spine.
55
left and right inguinal (iliac)
upper crest of the hipbone and the groin region.
56
The role of cells
Basic unit life, show all characteristics of life. (organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth and reproduction.
57
Cytology
Study of cells
58
Compound light miscroscope
1000x
59
Transmission electron microscope
1MX
60
Scanning electron microscope
3D view
61
Micrometer
Metric unit 1 1Thousand ML
62
Stain-Dyes
Add color to cell and tissues to view under microscope.
63
Plasma Membrane
outer layer of the cell regulates what enters and leaves the cell. (Phospholipid bilayer and protein)
64
Phospholipid bilayer
double layer of lipid molecules.
65
Channels
Spores in the membrane that allows passageway
66
Transporters
they move the substances across the membrane
67
Receptors
Allow attachment of substances
68
Enzymes
Participate in the reaction at the surface
69
Linkers
attach cells to other cells
70
Cell identity makers
protein that is unique to each individual.
71
Nucleus
Control center of the cell.
72
Chromosomes
Threadlike units of heredity that is passed on children from parents.
73
Nucleolus
little nucleaus
74
Cytoplasm
Materials within the living cells with the exception of nucleus.
75
Cytosol
Liquid part of cytoplasm
76
Endoplasmic reticulum
network of membranes within the cytoplasm (rough and smooth)
77
ribosomes
necessary for the manufacture of protiens
78
Mitochondria
cells power plants, they convert energy from nutrients into ATP
79
Golgi apparatus
Layers of membranes that sort and prepare compounds for transport
80
Lysosomes
small sac of digestive enzymes
81
Peroxisomes
breakdown harmful substances
82
Vesicles
Storage that are used in materials into and out of the cell.
83
Centriols
Helps separate chromosomes during cell division.
84
Surface Organelles
Cilia- hair like projection that creates movement in the cell. Flagellum- Long with like around the cells.
85
Semiperneable
Capable being penetrated by some substances and not others.
86
Selective permeable
Regulates what can enter or leave the cell based on its needs.
87
Diffusion (passive)
Constant movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration. (simple, facilitated)
88
Osmosis (passive)
diffusion of water from through a semipermeable membrane.
89
Aquaporins (passive)
Regulates water movements across the plasma membrane.
90
Osmosis pressure (passive)
measurement of the force that is driving osmosis.
91
How osmosis affect cells
Isotonic- same concentration Hypertonic- more concentrated. Hypotonic solution- less concentrated.
92
Filtration (passive)
Movement of material through a semipermeable membrane under the chemical force. (ex. blood pressure)
93
Vesicular transport
Movement os a large amount of material through the plasma membrane.
94
Endocytosis
movement of materials using vesicles for endocytosis
95
Phagocytosis
taken in or large particles
96
Pinocytosis
taken in small particles and droplets
97
receptor
mediate endocytosis
98
Exocytosis
Exiting, the cell is moving materials out using vesicles.
99
Structure of DNA and RNA
Nucleotide structure Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen base
100
DNA structure
In nucleus double standed base pairing; A-T, G-C Codes for proteins with base triplets
101
DNA function
Codes for proteins
102
RNA function
Transcription: reads message of DNA Translation: directs protein synthesis
103
RNA structure
Single-stranded; in cytoplasm | Base pairing A-U,G-C
104
RNA types
Messenger Ribosomal Transfer
105
Meiosis
forms sex cells- process of cell division that cuts the chromosomes number in half to prepare the union of the egg and sperm fertilization.
106
Mitosis
Forms somatic cells- type of cell division that produces 2 daughter cells exactly like the parent cell. (interphase)
107
Prophase
chromosomes become visible and organelles disappear.
108
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell
109
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell.
110
Telophase
Nuclei form and cell contents divide.
111
Mutations
Alteration of the gene which is a natural occurrence is increased by exposure to harmful substances.
112
Apoptosis-
Program cell death. Process of self destruction.
113
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
114
Metastasis
cancer is spreading or multiplying.
115
Risk factors of cancer
``` Heredity Carcinogens- cigaret smoke Radiation Physical inactivity Diet Viruses. ```
116
Cardiac muscle
Composed of long striated cells with multiple nuclei
117
Body systems
Organs working together combine
118
Three components of a negative feedback
Sensor- gathers information about a specific variable. Control center- compares the sensor inputs with the set point. Effector- increases or decreases activity as needed.
119
Barrier
Term refers to any structure that separates different environments.
120
Gradient
Formed by a difference in specific physical or chemical values between two regions.

Integrated Science (7 decks)

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