Skeletal System and Muscular System Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Diaphysis
A
The shaft of long bone
2
Q
Calcium compound
A
Compounds that are deposited in the intercellular matrix
3
Q
Osteocytes
A
Mature osteoblasts, make chains
4
Q
Osteoblasts
A
Build bone tissue
5
Q
Osteoclasts
A
Breakdown of bone tissue, active in resorption.
6
Q
Osseous tissue
A
Compact (exterior)
Spongy (interior)
7
Q
Epiphyseal plate
A
Centers for secondary growth
8
Q
Parathyroid hormone
A
Hormone that stimulates osteoclasts activity
9
Q
Functions of bone markings
A
General shape, bones have other distinguished features or bone markings.
10
Q
Five region of vertebral column
A
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
11
Q
4 regions of appendicular region
A
The shoulder griddle, the upper extremity, the lower extremity, the pelvic bone
12
Q
Five categories of bone disorders
A
Metabolic, tumor, infections, structural, fractures
13
Q
Most freely movable joint
A
Diarthrosis Orsynovial
14
Q
Most comminn type of join disorder?
A
Arthritis
15
Q
Arthroscope
A
used to examin and repair joints.
16
Q
Osteon
A
structural unit of compact bone.
17
Q
Red bone marrow makes?
A
RBC
18
Q
Periosteum
A
Bones are covered by a connective tissue membrane
19
Q
Condyle
A
Rounded bony projection
20
Q
Endosteum
A
membrane that lines the bone marrow cavity
21
Q
Head
A
rounded nod like
22
Q
Process
A
large projection of a bone
23
Q
Crest
A
Distinct boarder or ridge.
24
Q
Spine
A
Sharp projection
25
Foremen
Holes that allow a vessel or a nerve to pass through
26
Sinus
Cavity, air filled
27
Fossa
depression of the bone surface
28
Meatus
short channel
29
Frontal bone
Single bone that forms the forehead
30
Parietal bone
Paired bones most of the top and the side of cranium
31
Temporal bone
Paired bones that form the side and the base of the skull
32
Etmoid bone
single bones between the eyes orbits forming the superior part of the septum
33
Sphenoid bone
Single bone at the base of the skull
34
Occipital bone
Single bone that is posterior to the skull and base
35
Mandible
single bone that forms the lower jaw
36
Maxilla
Paired bones that forms the upper jaw and the inferior hard palette
37
Zygomatic bone
paired bones that form the cheek
38
Nasal bones
paired bones that form the bridge of the nose
39
Lacrimal bones
paired bones that form the interior eye orbit
40
Vomer
Single bone that forms the interior part of the nasal septum.
41
Palatine bones
Paired bones that form the posterior part of hard plate..
42
Inferior nasal conchae
Paired bones located in the lung of the nasal cavity
43
Ear ossicles
Tiny bones in the middle ear
44
Hyoid
U shaped bone sits just below the mandible
45
Coronal suture
Joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones
46
Squamous sutures
Joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone
47
Lambdoid suture
joins the occipital bone with the parietal bone
48
sagittal suture
two parietal bones along superior midline of the cranium
49
Fontanels
Are of the infant skull where the bone formation is incomplete.
50
Cervical vertebrae
C1-7 located in the neck
51
Thoracic vertebrae
T1-12 located in the chest.Larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae
52
Lumbar
L1-5 located in the small area of the back.
53
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
5 separate bones as a child and they use together for 1 bone as an adult
54
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
4-5 tiny bones as a child, together as 1 bone as an adult.
55
Primary curves
featus when they have concave like a letter c, fetal posistion
56
Secondary curve
When the infant begins an erect posture
57
Sternum
Breast bone
58
Clavicle
Collar bone, most frequent
| broken bone
59
Scapula
Shoulder blade, anchor muscles the arm
60
Humerus
Joint with the scapula
61
Ulna-forearm
Lines with the pinky finger
62
Radius
forearm lies with the tumb.
63
Carpals
8 bones in the wrist
64
metacarpals
5 bones in the palm
65
Phalanges
14 bones in the fingers
66
Illium
upper flared portion, also called as the iliac crest
67
Ischium
Lowest and strongest part of the pelvic
68
Pubis
Anterior region of the pelvis
69
Femur
thigh bone
70
Patella
knee cap
71
tibia
medial bone of the leg
72
fibula
lateral bone of the leg
73
Tarsals
7 bones made up of the ankle and the foot.
74
The calcaneus
heel bone
75
Metatarsals
5 bones in the ball of the foot
76
Phalanges
14 bones in the toe
77
Osteoporosis
Lack of the normal calcium deposit
78
Osteitis deformans
Paget disease
79
Bening
Stiff
80
Osteosarcoma
Younger person around the knee
81
Chondrosarcome
Cartilage, typically will appear around mid life
82
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone cause by bacteria
83
Kyphosis
Exaggeration of the thoracic curve. hunchback
84
Lordosis
Excessive lumbar curve
85
Scoliosis
Lateral curve of the vertebral
86
Cleft palate
congenital deformity in the opening of the mouth.
87
Flat foot
The tendon and ligament that supports the foot are weak
88
Closed fracture
a simple bone fracture with no open wound.
89
Open fracture
Broken bone breaks through the skin
90
Green stick
(common in children) One side is broken and the other is bend
91
Impacted fracture
Broken ends of the bone that is jammed with each other.
92
Comminuted Fracture
More than one fracture line and the bone is crushed
93
Spiral fracture
Twists apart
94
Transverse fracture
Straight across the bone
95
Oblique fracture
Break occurs at an angle.
96
Fibrous Structural
No joint cavity
97
Cartilaginous
Cartilage between the bones
98
Synovial
Synovial fluid
99
Synarthrosis
Immovable
100
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
101
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
102
Ligaments
Bands of fibrous connective tissue that holds together the bone
103
Joint capsule
Straighten and protect the joints
104
Articular cartilage
Protects the bone surface
105
Bursae
Small sac that is filled with synovial fluid
106
Flexion
Bending motion that decreases the angle between bones
107
Extension
Motion that increases the angle between the bones
108
Abduction
away from the midline
109
Adduction
towards the midline
110
Circumduction
Circular movement at a joint using all 4 angular
111
Rotation
twisting or turning of a pone on its own axis
112
Supination
Turning the palm up or forward
113
Pronation
turning the palm down or backwards
114
Inversion
turning the sole of the foot inwards so it faces the opposite foot
115
Eversion
sole of the foot outwards away from the body
116
Dorsiflexion
foot is bent upward at an angle
117
Plantar flexion
toes are pointed downwards
118
Gliding
flat bones that slide over one another
119
Hinge
movement in one direction
120
Pivot
rotation around the length of the bone
121
Condyloid
movement in two directions,, flexion and extension is one. Abduction and adduction
122
Saddle
Movement in 3 directions, rotation, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
123
Ball and socket
greatest range of motion
124
Dislocation
Disarrangement of the joint parts
125
Sprain
rupture or tear of the ligament
126
Herniated disk
Area is weak putting pressure from the spinal cord
127
Artritis
Inflammation of the joints
128
Osteoarthritis
(elderly) everyday wear and tear of the body
129
Rheumatoid arthritis
joint swelling in the hands and feet
130
Septic arthritis
bacteria that involves tissue obtained by the blood steam
131
Gout
Uric acid accumulating around the joints
132
Arthrocentesis
Procedure that they are inserting a needle to the joint to remove fluids.
133
Arthroplasty
Joint replacement
134
Arthroscopy
using a lighted instrument to examine the injured joints from the outside.
135
Effects of aging (bone)
loss of calcium salts
Weakening of bone
Decrease in height
136
Effects of aging (joints)
Thinning of cartilage
| Decreased flexibility
137
3 types of muscles?
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
138
3 main functions of skeletal muscle
Movement of the skeleton
maintenance of posture
generation of heat.
139
Fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers
140
Myofibrals
Bundles of protein molecules within individual muscle fibers
141
Membrane potential
The difference in electrical charge on two sides of a plasma membrane
142
Neuromuscular junction
Special synapse where a nerve call makes contact with a muscle cell
143
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter is involve in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells
144
What mineral is needed for interaction of the contractile filaments?
Actin, myosin, atp, and calcium
145
ATP
compound that is formed in oxidation of nutrients that supply the energy for muscle contraction
146
Myoglobin
compound stores reserves of O2 in muscle cells
147
Isotonic contraction
changes in length but not the tone of the muscle.
148
Isometric contraction
great increase in tension but not in muscle lenght
149
Origin attachment
less movable
150
Insertion attachment
it moves
151
Agonist
given action
152
Antagonist
opposite action
153
1st class lever
the fulcrum is located between the resistance.
154
2nd class lever
located between the fulcrum and the effort.
155
3rd class lever
effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum
156
The most important muscle for breathing
Diaphragm
157
Abdominal wall structural feature that give strength to the muscle?
Thin layers of muscle tissue with fibers running ini different directions.
158
Tendon
muscle to bone
159
Aponeurosis
Fibrous connective tissue
160
Synergist
Helps the primer mover
161
Orbicularis oculi
Location: circles of the eyelid Function: Closes the eye
162
Orbicularis ori
Location: encircles the mouth. Function:closes the lips
163
Levator palpebral superioris
Location: Posterior orbit to the upper eyelid. open the eye
164
Buccinator
Location- fleshy part of the cheek.
| Functions- Flattens the cheek, helps with eating, whistling and blowing wind instruments.
165
Temporalis
Location: above and near the ear. Functions: Close the jaw
166
Masseter
Location: Angle of the jaw
| Function- close the jaw
167
Intrinsic muscle
Location: Within the tongue
Function: Speaking, chewing, and shallowing
168
Extrinsic muscles
outside the tongue
169
Sternocleidomastoid
Location: Along the lateral neck to the mastoid process.
Function: Flexes the head, rotating to the opposite side of the muscle.
170
Trapezius
Location: Posterior neck and upper back to the clavicle and scapula
Function: Raises the shoulders
171
Latissimus Dorsi
Location: middle and the lower back to the humerus
Function: Extended and adduction the arm.
172
Pectoralis Major
Location: superior anterior chest to the humerus
Function: flex and adduct the arm
173
Serratus anterior
Location: Inferior to the axilla
Function: moves the shoulder forward,
174
Deltoid
Location: Covers the shoulder joint
Function: Abduct the arm as well flexing and extending the arm.
175
Rotator cuff
Surpraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
176
Biceps
Location: inferior arm, along the humerus to the radius
Function: Flexes the forearm supinating the forearm and the hand.
177
Brachialis
Location: deep to the biceps brachii, inserting to the inferior elbow joint.
Function: primary flexor of the forearm.
178
Brachioradialis
Location: lateral forearm from the distal end of humerus
Function: Flexes the forearm at the elbow.
179
Triceps brachii
Location: posterior arm to the ulna
Functions: extends the forearm to straighten the upper extremity
180
Flexor carpi muscles
Location: anterior forearm to the hand
Function: flex the hand
181
Extensor carpi muscle
Location: posterior forearm to hand
Function: extends the hand
182
Flexor digitorum
Location: Anterior forearm to the fingers
Function: flex the fingers
183
Extensor digitorum
Location: posterior forearm to the fingers
Function: extend the fingers.
184
Diaphragm
Location: Thoracic and abdominal cavity (dome shape)
Functions: Descends to enlarge the thoracic cavity from top to bottom.
185
External and Internal intercostal muscles
Location: Between the ribs
Function: elevate the ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity.
186
External oblique:
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Location: Anterior abdominal wall.
Function: Compresses the abdominal cavity to expel substances from the body.
187
Levator ani
Location: Pelvic floor
Function: help with defecation
188
Eractor spinae
Location: Vertical muscle between the sacrum and the skull
Function: Helps the vertebrae column to produce erect posture.
189
Gluteus maximus
Location: Superficial buttock to the femur
Function: extend the thigh
190
Gluteus medius
Location: Deep buttock to the femur
Function: Abducts the thigh
191
Iliopsoas
Location: process the interior hip joint to the femur
Function: flexes the thigh
192
Adductor muscles
longus
magnus
Location: medial thigh to the femur
Function: presses the thigh together
193
Sartorius
Location: Crosses the anterior thigh
Function: Flexes the thigh and leg allows the legs to cross
194
Gracilis
Location: Pubic bone to the medial bone to the tibia
Function: adduct the thigh and the hip.
195
```
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
```
Location: anterior thigh to the tibia
Function: extend the leg
196
Hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
Location: posterior thigh the ischium and the femur to the tibia and fibula
Function: flex the leg at the knee, extend and thigh and the hip.
197
Muscles that move the foot
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Location: Interior and lateral to the leg
Function: Dorsiflex to the foot at the ankle
198
Fibularis longus
Location: Lateral leg to the foot
Function: Evert the sole of the foot outward
